Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2-, 4-, and 6-hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses

Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5 mg/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1 mg kg⁻¹ hr⁻¹ for 2, 4, and 6 hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (p > .05) in all horses during the first 15 min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration–time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one-compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (K_e), half-life (t_1/2e), volume of distribution (V_d), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15–0.97)/hr, 1.68 (0.87–4.52) hr, 5.85 (2.10–19.34) L/kg, and 28.7 (19.6–39.5) ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve ( ) (p < .0002) and maximum concentration (C_max) (p < .04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.     

Evaluation of the analgesic effect of fentanyl–ketamine and fentanyl–lidocaine constant rate infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy

ObjectiveTo evaluate anesthetic conditions and postoperative analgesia with the use of intraoperative constant rate infusions (CRIs) of fentanyl–lidocaine or fentanyl–ketamine in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.AnimalsA total of 32 client-owned dogs.MethodsDogs were premedicated with fentanyl (5 μg kg^–1) administered intravenously (IV), anesthesia was induced with IV alfaxalone and maintained with isoflurane. Fentanyl (0.083 μg kg^–1 minute^–1) was infused IV with either ketamine (0.5 mg kg^–1; then 40 μg kg^–1 minute^–1; group KF) or lidocaine (2 mg kg^–1; then 200 μg kg^–1 minute^–1; group LF) assigned randomly. Heart rate, noninvasive arterial pressures, respiratory rate, esophageal temperature, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and isoflurane concentration were recorded throughout anesthesia. Maintenance of anesthesia, recovery and postoperative pain (Glasgow Composite Pain Scale) were scored. Cardiopulmonary data were analyzed using a two-way anova with repeated measures, demographics of the two groups with a t test, and scores with Mann–Whitney U test, with p < 0.05.ResultsAll dogs recovered from anesthesia without complications. No significant difference was found between groups for cardiopulmonary variables, total anesthesia time, sedation score and requirement for postoperative sedation or for rescue analgesia. Anesthetic maintenance score was of lower quality in KF than in LF [median (interquartile range): 0 (0–0.5) versus 0 (0–0); p = 0.032)], but still considered ideal. Recovery score was higher and indicative of less sedation in LF than in KF [1 (1–1.5) versus 0.5 (0–1); p < 0.0001]. Pain score was higher in KF than in LF [2 (1–3) versus 1 (1–2); p = 0.0009].Conclusions and clinical relevanceBoth CRIs of KF and LF provided adequate anesthetic conditions in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy. Based on requirement for rescue analgesia, postoperative analgesia was adequate in both groups.     

The effects of maxillary nerve block,ethmoidal nerve block and their combination on cardiopulmonary responses to nasal stimulation in anesthetized Beagle dogs

ObjectiveTo describe an approach for ethmoidal nerve block (E_BLOCK) and to compare the effects of a maxillary nerve block (M_BLOCK), E_BLOCK and their combination (M-E_BLOCK) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and respiratory rate (f_R) during nasal stimulation in dogs.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, crossover placebo-controlled study.AnimalsBeagle dogs (five cadavers, nine live dogs), with a median (interquartile range) weight of 10.5 (10.3–11.0) kg.MethodsThe accuracy of iohexol injections (each 1 mL) at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina in cadavers was evaluated using computed tomography. Then, anesthetized dogs were administered four bilateral treatments separated by 1 week, saline or 2% lidocaine 1 mL per injection: injections of saline at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina (Control), injections of lidocaine at the maxillary foramina and saline at the ethmoidal foramina (M_BLOCK), injections of saline at the maxillary foramina and lidocaine at the ethmoidal foramina (E_BLOCK) and injections of lidocaine at all foramina (M-E_BLOCK). The ventral nasal meatus was bilaterally stimulated using cotton swabs, and HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and f_R were continuously recorded. Values for each variable were compared before and after stimulation using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Changes in variables among treatments were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsComputed tomography revealed iohexol distribution around the openings of the target foramina in all cadavers. In living dogs, HR, SAP, MAP, DAP and f_R significantly increased after stimulation within each treatment (p < 0.03). Physiologic responses were significantly attenuated, but not absent, in the M-E_BLOCK [HR (p = 0.019), SAP, MAP, DAP and f_R (all p ≤ 0.001)] compared with those in the Control.Conclusions and clinical relevanceConcurrent injections of lidocaine at the maxillary and ethmoidal foramina attenuated HR, arterial pressure and f_R responses to nasal stimulation in Beagle dogs.     

输液滴灌对龙眼生长及土壤和果实的影响

以石硖龙眼树为试材,对其进行管道输液(CK)、管道输液+地表滴灌(T1)、管道输液+地下10cm滴灌(T2)、管道输液+地下20cm滴灌(T3)、管道输液+地表多孔滴灌(T4)处理,调查其对树体生长,土壤状况和果实产量和质量的影响。结果表明:30d后,T1、T2、T3、T4叶片SPAD值增加量分别比CK提高37.5%、100%、125%、187.5%;T4的枝梢增长量最大,梢长和梢粗分别比CK提高128.34%和110.81%;不同处理在0~100cm土层,土壤含水量大致在15%~35%波动;土壤全氮、全磷和全钾主要集中0~40cm土层;T4果实横径、纵径、单果重、单株产量、可食率和可溶性固形物均比其他处理高,比CK分别提高5.45%、2.58%、8.64%、34.31%、2.85%及26.39%。     

溶剂萃取PAN光度法测定茶叶水中铁形态

建立了溶剂萃取PAN光度法测定茶叶中铁形态的新方法。显色剂PAN与铁(Ⅱ)在pH1的介质中络合显色,Fe(Ⅲ)在此酸度下不显色,以甲基异丁酮为萃取剂,将Fe2 -PAN萃取到有机相,实现铁(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的分离。文中详细研究了铁(Ⅱ)的显色和萃取条件:在pH1.0显色10 m in后,用5 mL的甲基异丁酮振荡萃取15 m in,分液后测定机相的吸光度。体系中加入还原剂,测定总铁的量。铁在0~20μg/5mL范围内呈线性关系,摩尔吸光系数为1.51×104L.mol-1.cm-1。该法用于测定茶叶水中的形态铁结果令人满意。     

正交优选藤茶饮料的微波提取工艺

应用正交试验设计,以水为溶剂,采用微波浸提方式,探讨了茶水比、微波辐射时问、微波功率3个因素对藤茶饮料茶汤品质的影响.结果表明.以茶水比1:20,中火档微渡加热60 s浸提的茶汤品质最佳,其黄酮及水浸出物的含量都较高,汤色黄绿明亮,滋味爽口、回甘.是最好的提取条件.