Bite and kick injuries in horses: prevalence, risk factors and prevention

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Studies on the prevalence and predisposing factors of bite and kick injuries in horses have not been reported in a population-based data sample. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of bite and kick injuries in horses and associated risk factors in a representative sample of horses in Switzerland. METHODS: A questionnaire on the incidence of disease and injury, which included the frequency of bite and kick injuries and their association with breed, housing, use and feeding regime, was sent to 2559 horse owners randomly selected throughout Switzerland. RESULTS: The data of 2912 horses with 897 disorders diagnosed by a veterinarian were analysed. There were 231 injuries, 50 (21.6%) caused by a bite or kick from another horse; this number corresponded to 5.6% of all diseases and injuries and concerned only 1.7% of all the horses evaluated. Warmblood, Thoroughbred and Arabian horses had a 4.3 times higher risk of bite or kick injuries than horses of other breeds. Eighteen per cent of injuries were associated with a change in housing management and occurred regardless of whether horses were kept in groups permanently or sporadically. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A stable group hierarchy and a housing system that provides adequate space and is adapted to horse-specific behaviour are important factors in prevention and kick and bite injuries.     

跆拳道360°前旋踢动作的生物力学分析

为了提高跆拳道男子选手前旋踢动作的得分能力,而实施的对于优秀选手和非优秀选手在前旋踢动作时的人体力学比较分析。为此,通过对动作的所用时间、身体分段角度、身体重心的变位和速度、脚的脚尖速度、躯干的扭转角度、上身的前后倾斜角度、地面反力、肌电图等的变因分析,不但预防了较量选手和指导者的伤害,而且也提出了通过被定量化的腿法动作而提高更有效率的得分方法。