Effect of drying on soil strength and corn emergence

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drying on soil strength and corn emergence (Zea mays L.). Corn was germinated in Billings silty clay under a bank of heat lamps which operated 9, 14, 19, or 24 h per day. Soil strength (modules of rupture), soil moisture content and emergence were measured daily.The relationship of soil strength to corn seedling emergence as influenced by the four light and heat durations and bare and mulched soil surfaces was determined. As soil strength increased emergence decreased until it ceased at soil strengths of about 80 kPa. Strength of this soil had a high negative correlation with soil water content and increased with time. Mulching decreased initial rate of drying, decreased crust strength, and improved corn emergence. The 14-hour light and heat treatment resulted in the highest corn emergence.Contribution from Colorado State Experiment Station, USDA-ARS Snake River Conservation Research Center, and USDA-ARS Fort Collins, respectively     

热碱致魔芋胶与黄原胶共混凝胶的显微结构与流变规律

【目的】探究魔芋胶与黄原胶混合溶胶体系在碱性条件下的凝胶形成机理与凝胶特性,为魔芋胶与黄原胶相关凝胶食品的开发提供理论依据。【方法】在总多糖浓度约为2.0%的条件下,配制不同黄原胶与魔芋胶比例的混合溶胶体系,添加2.0%的Na₂CO₃,并于90℃条件下恒温处理各溶胶体系2 h,冷却至室温后制得不同黄原胶与魔芋胶配比的复合凝胶。通过测定复合凝胶添加碳酸钠前后的凝胶破裂强度,揭示热碱处理对混合凝胶破裂强度的影响。分别测定去离子水浸泡、2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡以及冻融处理后凝胶破裂强度的变化情况,并结合扫描电镜观测凝胶的微观形貌,探究复合凝胶的凝胶特性。此外,通过流变学手段进一步研究黄原胶与魔芋胶复合凝胶网络的形成机制。【结果】在室温（20℃）条件下,非热碱处理的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比为5﹕5,热碱处理后的魔芋胶与黄原胶最佳协同比增加至7﹕3,原因可能是魔芋胶碱化后分子链上脱去部分乙酰基,形成分子间三维网络结构,但在随后的冷却过程中,与黄原胶协同结合位点减少,因此在达到最大协同比时,需要更多数目的魔芋胶分子参与。此外,经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,所有凝胶体系的破裂强度都有所降低,其中经过2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后的凝胶破裂强度下降更为明显。冻融处理后,复合凝胶均出现明显的析水现象,魔芋胶比例越高,析水现象越明显。进一步探究魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系在2.0% Na₂CO₃浓度、90℃条件下的凝胶化过程,发现随黄原胶添加量增加,凝胶化速率呈减小趋势。此外,凝胶弹性模量在90—60℃呈降低趋势,60℃以下逐渐上升。【结论】在90℃条件下碱处理魔芋胶与黄原胶共混体系时,诱导体系形成热不可逆凝胶。当降低该体系的温度时,黄原胶分子在60℃时开始与魔芋胶网络结合,增加了凝胶的弹性模量。当魔芋胶与黄原胶比例为7﹕3时,室温下混合凝胶的破裂强度最大。经去离子水和2.0%柠檬酸溶液浸泡后,凝胶强度均有所降低。魔芋胶与黄原胶形成的复合凝胶在一定条件下可以改善单纯碱法诱导的魔芋胶凝胶析水多、强度差等缺点。     

一例布偶猫分娩期单子宫扭转破裂的病例报告

一只2岁布偶猫,体重4.3 kg,怀孕61 d,精神不好,血常规检查严重贫血,腹部彩超检查死胎、子宫扭转、子宫破裂、血腹,诊断为子宫扭转破裂。母猫交叉配血后输血60 mL,呼吸麻醉,行卵巢子宫切除术,术后消炎止血,1周拆线恢复。     

论犬子宫破裂

犬的子宫体部或子宫角在妊娠期、分娩期或子宫发生异常病变时,发生破裂称为子宫破裂。子宫破裂为生殖系统最严重并发症之一,常引起母体和胎儿的死亡。     

Caecal disease in equids

Objective To review the breed, age, gender, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with caecal disease presented to a referral centre. Design Retrospective study of 96 cases. Procedure The breed, age, and gender of the study population were compared with the corresponding hospital population for the same period. The means (± SD) for clinical and laboratory findings were recorded for each caecal disorder. Treatment was categorised as medical or surgical, and outcome was recorded. Results Caecal diseases included impaction (40% of total cases), rupture associated with concurrent unrelated disease (13%), rupture with parturition (9%), rupture with no associated disease (5%), infarction (11%), torsion (9%), abscess or adhesion (7%), tumour (3%), and miscellaneous conditions (3%). The breed or gender of affected horses did not differ from the hospital population, although horses > 15 years were more frequently represented (P < 0.05). This age group was specifically more predisposed to caecal impaction (P < 0.05), as were Arabian, Morgan, and Appaloosa breeds (P < 0.05). In horses with caecal impaction transrectal examination was the most useful diagnostic procedure; 90% of affected horses treated medically were discharged while horses treated by typhlotomy alone, or typhlotomy and blind end ileocolostomy, had survival rates to discharge of 71% and 86%, respectively. Horses with caecal rupture associated with concurrent un-related disease showed no signs of impending rupture; all were receiving phenylbutazone, all were euthanased, and 50% had caecal ulceration at necropsy. Of horses with caecal rupture with parturition 56% had prior dystocia; in two-thirds the site of rupture was the ileocaecal junction and all were euthanased. Horses with caecal rupture with no associated disease died or were euthanased; rupture was idiopathic. Horses with caecal infarction usually had signs of abdominal pain and abdominal fluid changes consistent with peritonitis; transrectal examination was nonspecific, and typhlectomy was successful in seven of eight horses. Horses with caecal torsion had signs of severe, acute abdominal pain and typhlectomy was successful in three of five horses. Diagnosis of caecal adhesion or abscess was assisted by transrectal palpation in two of seven horses and surgical treatment was successful in two of five horses. A caecal tumour was diagnosed in three horses aged 20 years or older that presented with chronic weight loss. Other caecal diseases were uncommon. Conclusion Caecal disease is uncommon in equids but some specific features of the history and physical findings can alert the veterinarian to the possibility of caecal involvement in horses with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Medical or surgical therapy can be effective in horses where caecal rupture has not occurred.     

贵州省习水县二郎电厂厂址区稳定性研究

在掌握习水县二郎区域地质构造的基础上，通过对二郎电厂厂址区内水文地质、滑坡、洪积泥流一残坡积碎石土混合堆积体、岩土体的浅表层变形及断裂与地震危险性的调查研究分析，确定厂址区的稳定性，并做出结论及建议，为二郎电厂的施工提供科学依据。     

Influence of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary treatments on mechanical properties of blue-stained Lodgepole Pine wood

Three concentrations （2.8%, 2.0%, 1.2%） of Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary （ACQ） was selected to treat Lodgepole pine wood for evaluating ACQ treatment on mechanical properties of blue-stained wood. The bending modules of elasticity （MOE）, modules of rupture （MOR）, toughness and shearing strength parallel to grain on tangential surface, are tested according to the criteria GB1927-1943-91. Non-treated sample were also tested according to the same procedure. The results showed that the three groups specimen impregnated by different concentrations of ACQ solution met the AWPA standard 2003 of America （UC4A 6.4g/cm^3）. There were significant difference of toughness between treated wood and non-treated wood （p=0.01）, but there were no statistically significant differences among three concentrations in terms of toughness, and toughness of treated wood was approximately 20% lower than non-treated. MOR, MOE as well as sheafing strength parallel to grain were found to be not significantly different between treated wood and non-treated one, and there were no statistically significant difference among three concentrations of ACQ too. Toughness, MOR, MOE and sheafing strength parallel to grain increased with decrease of concentration of ACQ, but they were hardly affected by ACQ preservatives.     

竹片覆面胶合板的初步研究

本文研究了以竹片为外层材料、多层杨木单板为芯层材料的复合胶合板的结构和力学性能，分析了板坯结构形式、纵向纵片厚度、单板层数及板坯压缩率与产品机械强度之间的关系。初步研究结果表明，板坯结构形式对产品的静载荷抗弯曲性能影响显著；在试验范围内，纵向竹片厚度为３．５－５．０ｍｍ、板坯压缩率在２３％左右时，竹片覆盖面杨木胶合板的综合力学性能比较理想。     

Pod shatter resistance evaluation in cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus, B. juncea and Sinapis alba

Pod shatter susceptibility was investigated in Brassica napus germplasm and shatter resistant species of B. juncea and Sinapis alba. The comparisons were made by measuring seed yield in field plots, detached pod rupture energy (RE) and the half‐life of pod‐opening. Pod shatter resistance was significantly greater in B. napus lines derived from interspecific hybridizations of B. napus with B. rapa, B. carinata and B. juncea, than common B. napus cultivars. While these lines exhibited no significant difference in resistance to pod shatter than B. juncea, an entry of S. alba had no yield loss caused by pod shatter. Resistance to pod shatter was characterized in the field as little or no yield loss after full maturity, delayed shattering in time, and stable yield performance under variable climatic conditions during pod maturity. Yield loss caused by pod shatter ranged from a low of 4% for the B. juncea cv. ‘AC Vulcan’ to a high of 61% for the black seeded B. napus line DH12075 in 2‐year field trials after 1 month maturity. Pod shatter resistance was not significantly associated with specific plant and pod morphological traits, except pod length (P = 0.005) in tested materials. Field visual scores of pod shatter through inspections of average pod shatter per plant within plots were highly correlated with plot yield loss. Indoor quantitative evaluations of pod strength using a pendulum machine to measure pod RE and random impact test to measure half‐life of pod‐opening resistance were highly correlated with field yield loss. Multiple evaluations of pod shatter in method and in time after pod maturity are recommended for reliable evaluation of pod shatter resistance.     

Accuracy and optimization of force platform gait analysis in Labradors with cranial cruciate disease evaluated at a walking gait

OBJECTIVE: To determine the combination of ground reaction forces (GRFs) that best discriminates between lame and non-lame dogs. To compare the sensitivity of force platform gait analysis and visual observation at detecting gait abnormalities in Labradors after surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). ANIMALS: All dogs were adult Labrador Retrievers: 17 free of orthopedic and neurologic abnormalities, 100 with unilateral CCL rupture, and 131 studied 6 months after surgery for unilateral CCL injury, 15 with observable lameness. PROCEDURE: Dogs were walked over a force platform with GRF recorded during the stance phase. Analytic properties of force platform gait analysis were calculated for several combinations of forces. The probability of visual observation detecting a gait abnormality was compared with that of force platform gait analysis. RESULTS: We determined that a combination of peak vertical force (PVF) and falling slope were optimal for discriminating sound and lame Labradors. After surgery, many dogs (75%) with no observable lameness failed to achieve GRFs consistent with sound Labradors. CONCLUSION: A force platform is an accurate method of assessing lameness in Labradors with CCL rupture and is more sensitive than visual observation. Assessing lameness with a combination of GRFs is better than using univariate GRFs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Therapies for stifle lameness can be accurately and objectively evaluated using 2 vertical ground reaction forces obtained from a force platform.