饱和D-最优设计在高蛋白大豆施肥优化中的应用

【目的】高蛋白大豆生产是我国农业供给侧改革发展的一个重点产业,合理施肥是实现高蛋白大豆生产的一个必要环节。利用饱和D-最优设计对黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆氮、磷、钾肥施用量进行研究,旨在为高蛋白大豆生产中的肥料配施提供理论依据和参考。【方法】以高蛋白大豆冀豆21为试验材料,采用氮、磷、钾三因素二次饱和D-最优设计,每个因素分别设10个处理,每个处理3次重复,共计30个小区,随机区组排列。各处理肥料均在大豆开花期分批次施用,成熟后测定大豆产量及籽粒蛋白质含量。【结果】建立了以氮、磷、钾施用量编码值为变量因子,高蛋白大豆产量和蛋白质含量为目标函数的三元二次多项式数学模式。通过对模型解析寻优表明,氮、磷、钾肥对高蛋白大豆和蛋白质含量均有显著影响,且氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;当氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为95.46、183.8和128.7 kg/hm^2时,边际产量效应值为0,当氮、磷、钾肥分别为120.8、178.4和141.3 kg/hm^2时,边际蛋白质含量效应值为0。氮磷、氮钾、磷钾对高蛋白大豆产量和蛋白质含量存在明显的交互作用。本试验条件下,大豆产量超过3104 kg/hm^2,籽粒蛋白质含量46.04%以上的施肥方案为施氮量76.13～101.1 kg/hm^2,施磷量131.1～168.5 kg/hm^2,施钾量104.9～134.8 kg/hm^2。【结论】利用饱和D建立的肥料函数模型可以很好的说明氮、磷、钾施肥与大豆产量、蛋白质含量的连续变化关系和氮、磷、钾间的互作效应,适量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥可有效提高高蛋白大豆产量和蛋白质含量。供试条件下,最佳肥料配比是N76.1～101.1 kg/hm^2、P 131.1～168.5 kg/hm^2、K 104.9～134.8 kg/hm^2。     

碎米制取高蛋白米粉工艺的探讨

采用正交试验设计，对以碎米为原料生产高蛋白米粉的最佳工艺条件进行了探讨，试验结果显示，米粉的液化温度、α－淀粉酶用量及米粉浆浓度三因素为高蛋白米粉生产中三个最重要的工艺参数，在下列条件下可以获得最高的麦芽糖得率（６６．７％）：α－粉酶用量０．４ｍｇ／ｍｌ，米粉浆浓度５％，糊化时间２０ｍｉｎ，液化温度６０℃，液化时间６０ｍｉｎ。获得的高蛋白米粉的蛋白质含量达到２５．８％，为原料碎米的３．６倍。     

固态发酵芦笋老茎生产高蛋白反刍动物饲料的研究

通过单菌种固态发酵、复合菌种固态发酵以及不同配比的复合菌种固态发酵试验,对能够将芦笋老茎转化为反刍动物饲料的微生物菌种进行了筛选。结果表明,由青霉(Penicillium sp.)F-5、暗孢毛壳(Chaetomium atrosporum)F-21、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)F-25菌株组成的配比为2:2:3的复合菌种是效果最好的菌种组合。芦笋老茎生料培养基经该复合菌种5 d固态发酵后,发酵产物中可溶性蛋白含量达到4.80 mg/g,与对照组相比增加了39.94%;粗蛋白含量达到11.18%,与对照组相比增加了38.54%;纤维素由22.74%降低到22.32%,降低了1.85%;木质素由12.90%降低到10.53%,降低了18.37%。这些结果证明芦笋老茎经微生物发酵后能转化为良好的高蛋白反刍动物饲料。     

酶法降解与微生物发酵结合处理柑橘皮渣生产高蛋白饲料

以柑橘皮渣为原料,通过超微粉碎技术进行前处理,采用双酶法降解纤维素与微生物发酵法生产高蛋白饲料.以可溶性蛋白质、还原性糖为考察指标,研究果胶酶与纤维素酶添加量、体系pH值、酵母接种量、发酵时间等因素对发酵终产品的影响,通过正交试验优化确定最佳生产工艺.结果表明,在50℃时,果胶酶添加量0.06 g/100g、纤维素酶添加量0.02 g/100g、pH值5.0下酶解皮渣1.0 h,可得还原性糖含量适宜、酵母利用度高的皮渣液.同时调节该酶解液pH值为4.0,酵母接种量为10.0％(V/V),35℃发酵5d,可得可溶性蛋白含量为101.9 mg,/L的高蛋白饲料.     

Biochemical and molecular investigation of oxidative stress associated with urolithiasis induced by increased dietary calcium or protein in chickens

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of induced urolithiasis by high dietary calcium (Ca) or protein levels on biochemical analyte levels, redox status, selected inflammatory cytokines and histopathology in chickens. A total of 90 one-day-old white Hy-Line chicks were fed basal control diets containing 20% crude protein (CP) and 1% Ca until they reached 44 days of age. After that, the birds were divided into three groups (30 birds per group). All management factors (light, temperature, ventilation, stock density and diet) were identical among the three groups throughout the study except for the dietary Ca and protein percentages. Group I was fed a control diet containing 20% CP and 1% Ca, group II was fed a high-Ca diet containing 5% Ca, and group III was fed a high-protein diet containing 25% CP. Our findings clearly demonstrated that dietary imbalance (caused by high-Ca or high-CP levels) per se in chickens was physiologically harmful, as it was accompanied by post-mortem lesions; biochemical, redox status and histopathological alterations; and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6). In particular, the birds fed the high-Ca diet clearly exhibited the most obvious alterations in most of the endpoints. In conclusion, this study constitutes the first extensive investigation of the effects of high-Ca or high-protein diets induced urolithiasis on growth performance, redox status, inflammatory cytokine levels and pathological characterization in chickens.     

Breeding high-protein pigeonpea genotypes and their agronomic and biological assessments

Proteins, inevitable for nutritional security of human beings and legumes, by far, are the cheapest source of this vital nutrient. The escalating prices and never halting population growth limit the per capita availability of protein-rich legumes. In view of limited land resource and need to grow other food crops, the greater protein harvests are possible only by increasing the protein levels of popularly grown legumes. In this context, attempts were made for raising the protein content in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] through traditional plant breeding tools. For this, the high-protein trait was successfully transferred from wild relatives of pigeonpea to the cultivated types. In the derived inbred lines, the protein content was significantly enhanced from 20% - 22% to 28% - 30%. Two high-protein lines HPL 40 and HPL 8 also produced 2100 and 1660 kg/ha grain yield, respectively. This simply means that, in comparison with traditional cultivars, the cultivation of high-protein lines will provide additional 100 kg/ha of digestible protein to the farming family. This paper, besides describing the breeding procedures, also discusses the accomplishments of this breeding endeavour with respect to its various nutritional and biological properties.     

Inheritance of seed protein in two interspecific pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) crosses

Pigeonpea is one of the primary sources of protein for most rural communities of south Asia and Africa. The enhancement of protein from the present level of 20–22% will help masses in their nutritional well-beings. Breeders have identified high-protein (28–30%) germplasm amongst the wild relatives of pigeonpea; and these can serve as donors in breeding high-yielding high-protein cultivars. To achieve this, information on the inheritance of seed protein will be useful in organizing interspecific matings, generation advancement, and selection schemes. In the present study, two interspecific crosses, involving two pigeonpea cultivars ('Pant A2' and 'ICP 6997') and a wild species (Cajanus albicans (W. & A.)), were made to study the inheritance of seed protein in F₁, F₂, and BC₁F₁ generations. The high-protein trait was found to be controlled by two independent dominant genes with complementary effects. These genes are tagged with symbols “HPt₁” and “HPt₂”. The authors believe that now opportunities exist for enhancing the protein levels in pigeonpea through breeding approaches.     

高蛋白酵母水解物生产菌株的筛选研究

为筛选生产高蛋白酵母水解物的酵母菌株,试验通过对多株酿酒酵母摇瓶培养,筛选出6株酵母菌株,其菌体蛋白质含量超过58%;通过二级发酵筛选培养(50 L种子罐、30 L发酵罐)、自溶酶解、口感测试等方法评估,表明菌株1的发酵过程数据(酒精消化、糖蜜转化率、氮源利用率等)和营养成分(蛋白质、赖氨酸含量)最佳,可作为生产高蛋白酵母水解物(蛋白质≥55%)的生产菌株。     

高蛋白料精,光合菌液和鱼粉对肉鸡生长性能的影响

采用在基础日粮中分别加高蛋白料精＋光合菌液（Ⅰ组），高蛋白料精（Ⅱ组），光合菌液（Ⅲ组），鱼粉（Ⅳ组）四川方法饲喂，对肉鸡的生长性能进行比较试验。试验结果：Ⅰ组生长速度最佳，平均增重比Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组分别提高４．３９％、１６．７９％和２％，Ⅳ组和Ⅱ组次之，Ⅲ组较差。结果表明：用高蛋白料精或高蛋白料精加光合菌液替代进口鱼粉饲喂肉鸡是可行的，能降低饲养成本，达到提高经济效益的目的。     

Evaluation of a high-protein DDGS product in broiler chickens: performance,nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy,and standardised ileal amino acid digestibility

ABSTRACT

1. New production processes and additional uses for corn co-products have increased the availability of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with varying energy and amino acid digestibility, for use in poultry feed. The objective of this study was to determine the performance, N-corrected metabolisable energy (AME_n), and amino acid (AA) digestibility of a 34% CP (as fed) high-protein DDGS (HP-DDGS) included in poultry diets for Cobb 500 broiler chickens.

2. A total of 832 Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 5% conventional DDGS (CV-DDGS) as a control or 10%, 15% and 20% HP-DDGS and fed for 42 d. After the performance trial, 240 birds from the original 832 were selected for a concurrent AME_n and AA digestibility experiment consisting of two AME_n diets and two AA diets.

3. Birds fed diets containing 15% and 20% HP DDGS gained less weight than birds fed the CV-DDGS (P < 0.05) but did not differ in feed intake (FI), and therefore had a less efficient FCR than the control (P < 0.05). The AME_n of HP-DDGS was determined to be 11.4 MJ/kg. The standardised ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of the essential amino acids Lys and Met were determined to be 80.9% and 88.6%, respectively.

4. HP-DDGS can be included in broiler diets up to 10% without any negative impact on performance or requiring supplemental Lys and Arg. The results from the AA digestibility study indicated that HP-DDGS could be a good source of digestible Lys.