柞蚕肠液理化性质与饲料效率的相关性研究

对柞蚕肠液的理化性质与饲料效率的相关性进行研究的结果表明 :柞蚕肠液对促进蚕体抗病与消化吸收功能有着重要作用 ,平均每头蚕有肠液 1 76mL ,品种间开差为 0 78mL ,相对开差 5 7 80 % ,肠液量越多 ,饲料效率越高 ;柞蚕不同品种肠液pH平均值未发现明显差异 ,但强健好养饲料效率高的品种个体间开差小 ;柞蚕肠液缓冲力除与品种强健性有关外 ,还与品种的饲料效率呈正相关 ,在强健丰产与高饲料效率品种中 ,肠液恢复pH原值所需时间越短 ,饲料效率越高 ,电刺法取出肠液后 ,肠液恢复缓冲力所需时间是恢复其pH原值时间的 1 8倍多 ,同恢复肠液pH原值所需时间长短与品种强健性和饲料效率的关系完全一致。     

膳食纤维定义与来源科学共识(2021)

由于环境保护和成本控制的需要,植物性饲料原料在水产配合饲料中的用量越来越高。植物性原料中含有丰富的膳食纤维 (DFs),使许多商品饲料中的DFs达30%以上,但由此带来的对水产动物的生理影响仍鲜受关注。本文介绍了DFs的定义、分类、理化特性、可发酵性及常见植物性饲料原料中DFs的含量,重点介绍了作者及团队在鱼类DFs营养生理方面的研究发现。研究表明,黄颡鱼摄食含20%~30% DFs的饲料后会出现出血、白便、肠炎、腐皮、烂鳃、肝脂肪变性和纤维化、绿肝、白肝、胆囊肿大等症状及暴发性死亡。大口黑鲈和草鱼摄食高DFs饲料后也有相似症状。DFs的致病作用不仅与饲料中DFs含量有关,还与DFs种类有关,果胶对黄颡鱼的致病性比纤维素强得多。DFs的致病机制与其对胆汁酸 (BAs)稳态和肠道微生物稳态的干扰有关。因DFs具有结合BAs的特性,这会阻碍BAs对法尼醇X受体 (FXR)等BAs受体的激活,而FXR负反馈调控BAs的合成并抑制炎症反应,因此,大量DFs进入肠道后就会引起BAs合成亢进,提高组织中BAs水平及其疏水性并干扰BAs循环节律,再由BAs的细胞毒性引起炎症反应和组织坏死。DFs还具有可发酵性,引起肠道微生物结构改变,或由BAs的抗菌作用引起肠道微生物结构改变,进而加剧包括BAs在内的代谢紊乱。DFs的致病性与其他胁迫作用具有叠加效应,加重疾病症状和进展。从DFs的致病机制出发,通过控制DFs摄入种类和摄入量、向饲料中添加BAs及牛磺酸、防止DFs与其他胁迫因子的叠加效应等方式可防控DFs诱导的疾病。本研究首次阐述了DFs过量摄入对鱼类的致病性及其潜在机制,为植物性饲料原料的高值化利用及饲料配制技术优化提供了新视角,为鱼类病害防控提供了新途径。研究结果也提示未来应进一步阐明不同植物性原料中DFs的种类、含量和特性以及水产动物对DFs的耐受范围。

     

益生菌对类风湿关节炎的改善作用研究进展

类风湿关节炎是一种威胁全球人类健康的自身免疫性疾病,肠道菌群的平衡与类风湿关节炎密切相关。由于益生菌在改善肠道菌群紊乱、恢复正常肠道菌群中发挥重要作用,因此给益生菌治疗类风湿关节炎提供了可能。本文综述类风湿关节炎病因、机制及患者肠道菌群的变化,总结近年来益生菌在治疗类风湿关节炎中的研究现状,为进一步临床试验和今后的应用提供依据。     

猪肠道细菌培养组学研究进展

猪肠道菌群是由所有定殖在猪肠道里的大量细菌、病毒、真菌和古菌等构成的集合.已有研究表明,很多疾病以及猪重要经济性状都与肠道菌群有关.目前,肠道菌群研究使用较多的技术是16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序,但这些技术并不能了解具体菌株的实际功能和生理特性.肠道细菌的分离培养具有特殊重要的意义.近几年来,肠道细菌的培养取...     

中国东南部红壤旱地种植系统的生物学及其应用研究——Ⅳ红壤荒坡种草的土壤微生物区系与土壤酶活性的动态分析

本研究对红壤荒坡种草后的土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性进行了年间、季节间与坡面分布的动态分析.研究表明,荒坡种草后所进行的土壤生物学过程逐年增强,为红壤荒坡种草提供了初步的实践依据。     

对虾抗菌肽转基因水稻抑制饲料腐败和防治罗非鱼细菌病害的初步研究

探讨了以植物生物反应器开发利用抗菌肽类物质防治水产动物病害的效果和机理。以携带中国明对虾抗菌肽—对虾素3-2的转基因水稻米糠制作罗非鱼饲料,研究其对饲料腐败和吉富罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌肠炎的抑制效果。通过测定米糠和饲料中的霉菌总数、细菌总数,发现水稻中表达的对虾素3-2能有效抑制饲料中的霉菌与细菌的繁殖,对于保持饲料品质具有显著的效果。选取规格一致、体质健壮的吉富罗非鱼,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含20%非转基因米糠的饲料与含不同质量比(10%、20%、30%)的转基因米糠的饲料。通过嗜水气单胞菌攻毒保护实验,结果发现,转基因米糠对罗非鱼嗜水气单胞菌肠炎具有显著的保护效果。对吉富罗非鱼的肠道主要微生物数量、中肠石蜡切片的进一步分析发现,摄食转基因米糠饲料组的罗非鱼肠道内大肠杆菌比例降低,乳酸菌比例提高,肠道微绒毛的结构完整性显著改善。由此推断抗菌肽转基因水稻的防病效果可能与肠道微生物的改变和对肠道结构的保护作用有关。但是石蜡切片发现过量添加转基因米糠(30%)也会导致吉富罗非鱼肠道上皮细胞损伤。     

热应激环境下育成鸡肠道菌群多样性及黏膜结构的相关性分析

为分析热应激环境下育成鸡肠道菌群以及黏膜结构的变化,揭示热应激下家禽肠道中正常菌群定植与黏膜结构变化的相关性,选取健康状况相似的10周龄日照琅琊鸡96只,设适温对照组((24±1)℃,Ⅰ)和高温组((38±1)℃),随机分在2个人工环境气候舱中饲养,试验期为14d。采用16SrDNA PCR-DGGE技术,分析热应激处理后1d(Ⅱ)、7d(Ⅲ)和14d(Ⅳ)时十二指肠、空肠及回肠部位内容物细菌群落多样性以及组织黏膜形态变化、肠黏膜上皮内杯状细胞数量。结果表明:热应激持续时间越长,对回肠部位菌群影响越大,Ⅲ组十二指肠与回肠部位优势细菌菌群组成分离明显;Ⅳ组十二指肠、空肠与回肠部位优势细菌菌群组成具有明显差异。不同热应激时段在空肠部位可检测到罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)、螺旋链霉菌(Streptomyces spiralis)、Plebeius杆菌属细菌(Bacteroides plebeius strain)和嗜酸乳杆菌(L.acidophilus),而回肠部位可检测到拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)和不可培养的细菌等;Ⅲ组十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛长度、宽度、隐窝深度及绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)均发生了明显的变化,各肠段的绒毛长度均明显下降,其中回肠绒毛长度减少最为显著(P0.05);十二指肠、空肠隐窝深度及V/C均出现明显下降(P0.05),各肠段肠壁厚度均显著比对照组低(P0.05)。Ⅲ组空肠和回肠内杯状细胞的数量明显减少,其中回肠差异显著(P0.05)。结果显示,热应激对育成鸡各肠段细菌菌群组成的影响很大,并且黏膜组织结构发生了明显变化,从而破坏消化道菌群平衡,导致消化吸收功能严重受阻。     

Effect of Dietary Lactobacillus fermentum from Pig on Growth Performance,Nutrient Apparent Digestibility,Faecal Microflora Number and Serum Immune Indices in Weaned Piglets

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, faecal microflora number and serum immune indices of weaned piglets.A total of 160 weaned piglets with an average age of (30±2) days and averge body weight of (7.85±0.68) kg were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 10 piglets per replicate feeding basal diet, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% Lactobacillus fermentum supplementation diets, respectively.The experiment lasted for 35 d.The results showed that, compared with the control group, the average daily gain, the feed conversion ratio, the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and total phosphorusin of Lactobacillus fermentum groups were all increased in varying degrees.The optimum supplemental level of Lactobacillus fermentum should be 0.2%, and at this level, the average daily gain was significantly increased by 8.70% (P<0.05), the F/G was decreased by 4.62% (P<0.05), the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and total phosphorus were significantly increased (P<0.05), the number of faecal E.coli was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum IgG was significantly increased by 8.39% (P<0.05).The results indicated that Lactobacillus fermentum supplementation could improve the immune function, growth performance, the apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and total phosphorus and reduce the number of faecal E.coli of weaned piglets.     

Modulation of broilers’ caecal microflora and metabolites in response to a potential probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Studies have found that a dietary supplement of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens improved the growth performance, increased the nutrient digestibility of hosts and modulated the intestinal microflora. A total of 360 1‐day‐old Ross broilers were randomly divided into three treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an antibiotic group with a basal diet and added colistin sulphate, and a probiotics group with a basal diet and added Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The HiSeq high‐throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA was used to investigate the differences in birds’ caecal microflora, and metabolomics was used to analyse changes in caecal metabolites. Results showed that the supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly improved the BW and ADG compared with the control birds. Results of sequencing indicated that (i) 645, 670, 596 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in birds supplemented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on day 7, 21 and 42, separately, (ii) due to the diversity and relative abundance of the birds’ caecal microflora, the OTUs of the caecal microflora clustered according to age and treatment, except on day 42, (iii) among the six predominate families (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Rikenellaceae), the supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae on day 42, (iv) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus on day 21, increased the Faecalibacterium and Blautia and decreased the Ruminococcus on day 42. The metabolomics of caecal metabolites showed that the dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens changed the caecal metabolites involved of amino acid metabolism and glyceride metabolism, and the antibiotics changed the caecal metabolites that were related to carbohydrates and amino acid metabolism on day 21.     

饲料中添加复合芽孢杆菌对草鱼消化道酶活性及肠道菌群的影响

用含复合芽孢杆菌(105cfu/g饲料,枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌以1∶1比例混合)的基础日粮,按体重3%的日投饵量,饲喂体重(51.37±0.58)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus),饲养实验45 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,处理组肠道内容物胰蛋白酶活性提高了79.46%(P<0.01);肝胰腺脂肪酶活性提高了16.82%(P<0.01),肝胰腺淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。肠道菌群数量分析显示,处理组肠道芽孢杆菌数均显著提高(P<0.01),弧菌和大肠杆菌数显著降低(P<0.01)。结果提示,饵料中添加复合芽孢杆菌能够改善草鱼肠道菌群组成,并提高消化道特定消化酶活性。