全球植物科学领域发展态势分析

基于农业科技创新的发展需求,为农业科技资源的有效配置提供支撑,从文献计量角度对全球植物科学领域研究现状及态势进行分析。利用定性、定量相结合的方法构建检索策略,基于Web of Science数据库及文献计量分析工具,对文献发表量、文献主要贡献国家、机构、期刊及发文量较高的作者H指数进行统计分析。结果表明,1995—2018年植物科学领域的文章发表量整体上呈现稳定增长趋势,学科呈现蓬勃发展的整体势头。美国和中国是文献主要贡献国家,文献量和总被引频次显著高于其他国家,但美国及欧洲国家的篇均被引数量高于中国。从全球来看,中国科研机构在发文数量占有绝对优势,而德国马克思普朗克的文章篇均被引数量高,达到10以上。对2016—2018年的高被引文献(Top10)进行内容分析,并通过高频词共现主题聚类可视化分析。从论文影响力及主题词规模2个维度表征领域内研究方向。结果表明,“植物应对生物及非生物胁迫”、“基因编辑技术”、“基因组学分析”、“植物生殖发育调控”是近年来植物科学的高关注度研究方向,主题内容与前期的需求调研相符,初步预测这些研究方向将对农业创新发展起到重要推动作用。     

基于遥感指数的草原火后植被恢复研究

草原火是草原生态系统重要的干扰因子，严重影响着系统的结构与功能。基于遥感数据，以2015年“4·16”特大草原火灾为例，利用ENVI和ArcGIS等软件，分别对NDVI和GPP指数及火烧严重度下的植被恢复过程进行定量分析。结果表明，基于NDVI和GPP指数的火后植被恢复过程表现相似，不同年份植被恢复情况存在一定差异。火灾发生当年（2015年）火烧迹地植被恢复状况高于未发生火灾区域，而在火后第1年（2016年）却又稍低于未发生火灾区域，直到火后第2年（2017年），火烧迹地植被基本恢复到火前状态。同时，不同火烧严重度下的植被恢复过程在存在明显差异。草原火灾发生后当年（2015年），中强度火烧下植被恢复最好，其次是轻度，重度表现最差。草原火烧严重度对植被恢复的影响，主要表现在火后第1个植被生长季。在之后的年份里，由于草原更新能力强大，不同火烧严重度对草原植被的影响不明显。本研究可丰富草原火灾及火烧迹地植被恢复等相关研究成果，同时为草原火灾管理和草原生态系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

论科技情报的信息媒介意义

科技情报作为一种重要的信息媒介。作者着重地阐述了其具备的宏观俯瞰,微观入里的导引功能。就其科技情报意义与林业科研及生产领域上的信息交流而言提出了自己的见解。     

An evaluation of the Olsen test as a measure of plant-available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material

Abstract. Anecdotal and circumstantial evidence have suggested that the Olsen test underestimates plant-available phosphorus (P) in basaltic soils in Northern Ireland. Therefore, the ability of this test to predict plant-available P in basaltic (and non-basaltic) soils was investigated by regressing Olsen-P data against herbage P indices calculated from plant tissue test data using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. The average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on basaltic soils was considerably lower than the average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on non-basaltic soils, and yet mean sward P status, as given by the herbage P indices, was similar for both groups of fields. Herbage P indices were also much better correlated with Olsen-P measurements in non-basaltic soils than in basaltic soils. Furthermore, at low Olsen-P values (≶9mgPL⁻¹) some swards on basaltic soils were genuinely deficient in P, while others were sufficient or even in surplus for this nutrient. The results confirm that Olsen-P is inadequate as a predictor of plant-available P in basaltic soils. It is concluded that an alternative soil test is needed to provide a reliable assessment of plant-available P in basaltic soils, to prevent overuse of fertilizer and manure P and to minimize the amounts of P entering local watercourses.     

Evaluation of two N cycle models for the prediction of N mineralization from grassland soils in the UK

Abstract. The ability of two nitrogen cycle models, of contrasting complexity, to predict N mineralization from a range of grassland soils in the UK, was evaluated. These were NCYCLE, a simple mass balance model of the N cycle in UK grasslands, and CENTURY, a more complex model simulating long-term C, N, P & S dynamics in grassland ecosystems. The models were tested using field measurements of net N mineralization from a range of grassland soils (differing in soil type, history & management practice), obtained over a 2 year period using a soil core incubation technique. This method was considered to measure the total net release of mineral N from the soil organic matter over a specified time, including N which may have been recycled several times. NCYCLE consistently under-estimated mineralization rates at all sites. By contrast, there was some correlation between CENTURY predictions of net N mineralization and field measurements. This may have reflected the different abilities of the two models to simulate N recycling. Neither model, however, was able to predict adequately the effect of cultivation and reseeding on net N mineralization.     

计算机犬病诊断原理

本研究模拟人类专家的诊断过程,对常见犬病用计算机进行诊断模拟,试验建立了犬病诊断的计算机处理系统(QBZD)。本文主要阐述了QBZD系统的结构构成、诊断机理及操作应用     

国外绿色农业科技信息资源建设与启示

分别从绿色农业科技信息网站、数据库、多媒体服务平台、科技咨询、研究机构和专业协会合作组织等几个方面深入研究了国外绿色农业科技信息资源建设情况及成功经验,提出了对北京市相关工作的对策建议。     

扁穗牛鞭草人工草地中空心莲子草杂草防除效果研究

利用水花生净除莠剂可有效地防除扁穗牛鞭草人工草地中的杂草空心莲子草,平均株防效达26.7%～99.8%,并且在较高防效下药剂对扁穗牛鞭草较为安全。在空心莲子草杂草生长盛期,14%的水花生净乳油以浓度为675ml/hm2～900ml/hm2、各处理对水600ml的防除效果最佳,可达到100%。综合考虑,以525ml/hm2～675ml/hm2的浓度为宜。     

西藏山南地区草地资源及其合理利用

由于对西藏山南地区草原状况缺乏全面认识，未能合理利用，出现了草原退化等一系列问题。为了合理开发利用草地资源，通过调查提出：调整畜群结构，推行草场有偿承包责任制，开展季节性畜牧业，建立草地农业生态系统等建议。     

切割取样对胚胎发育的影响

体视显微镜下,采用徒手持金属刀片和自制的玻璃切割针分别对小鼠和牛胚胎进行切割取样,并对取样后的胚胎进行体外培养48h,其发育率分别为76.7%(46/60)和80%(16/20),两者差异不显著(P>0.05);奶牛新鲜胚胎切割取样后,胚胎移植妊娠率47.1%(8/17),比对照组妊娠率59.0%(23/39)差异显著(P<0.05)。冷冻-解冻胚胎切割取样后移植妊娠率42.9%(6/17)虽然也比对照组50%低,但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。