Evaluation of biomarkers of kidney injury following 4% succinylated gelatin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 administration in a canine hemorrhagic shock model

Objective : To investigate the association between synthetic colloids and biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Design : Experimental interventional study. Setting : University. Animals : Twenty‐four healthy ex‐racing Greyhounds. Interventions : Anesthetized Greyhounds subjected to hemorrhage for 60 min were resuscitated with 20 mL/kg of fresh whole blood (FWB), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, 4% succinylated gelatin (GELO), or 80 mL/kg of isotonic crystalloid (CRYST) over 20 min (n = 6 per treatment). Concentrations of biomarkers of AKI were measured at baseline, end of hemorrhage, and at 40 (T60), 100 (T120), and 160 (T180) min after fluid bolus. Biomarkers included neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin in urine and serum (uNGAL; sNGAL), and urine cystatin C (uCYSC), kidney injury molecule‐1 (uKIM), clusterin (uCLUST), osteopontin, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (uMCP), interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, protein (uPROT), hyaluronan, and F₂‐isoprostanes. Renal histology was scored for tubular injury and microvesiculation. Biomarker fold‐change from baseline was compared between groups using mixed effects models (Bonferroni–Holm corrected P<0.05). Frequencies of histology scores were compared by Fisher's exact test. Measurements and main results : In dogs treated with GELO, uNGAL fold‐change was markedly greater compared with all other groups at T60, T120, and T180 (all P<0.001), and uCYSC was greater at T60 compared with CRYST (P<0.001), and at T120 and T180 compared with all other groups (all P<0.001). Smaller, albeit significant, between‐group differences in uKIM, uCLUST, uMCP, and urine protein concentration were observed across the FWB, GELO, and HES groups, compared with CRYST. The GELO group more frequently had marked tubular microvesiculation than the other groups (P = 0.015) although tubular injury scores were comparable. Conclusion : In dogs with hemorrhagic shock, GELO was associated with greater magnitude increases in urine biomarkers of AKI and more frequent marked tubular microvesiculation, compared with FWB, CRYST, and HES.     

Topical effect of various agents on gelatinase activity in the tear film of normal dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the topical effect of various agents, currently used in the treatment of melting ulcers, on gelatinase activity present in the tear film of normal dogs. ANIMAL STUDIED: Eight normal adult beagles. PROCEDURES: Each animal received the following agents: cyclosporine A 1%, N-acetylcysteine 10%, ciprofloxacin 0.3%, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 1%, doxycycline 0.001%, polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAG) 5%, autoserum, and artificial tears during a 48-h period following a Latin square design. Tear samples were collected with micro-capillary pipettes following a corneal surface irrigation of each eye with sterile saline on four different occasions. Basal and total gelatinase activities were evaluated by optical density after processing in a commercial gelatinase activity assay. From the optical density ratio, a semi-quantitative measure of gelatinase activity was obtained. Basal and total activities were measured in all samples. RESULTS: The lowest total gelatinase activity, representing a percent decline in the enzyme activity although not significant, was observed 1 h after the last treatment in seven out of the eight ophthalmic agents; EDTA (68%), ciprofloxacin (76%), cyclosporine A (68%), doxycycline (47%), artificial tears (26%), PSGAG (25%), and N-acetylcysteine (20%). However, only the reduction observed with EDTA 6 h after the last treatment was significantly lower compared to the reduction observed with the artificial tears. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that only EDTA was able to significantly reduce the gelatinase activity in a persistent manner in the tear film of normal canine eyes. Further studies will be required to evaluate the effect of EDTA under ulcerative conditions and to more accurately ascertain the potential in vivo effect of the other agents.     

粪肠球菌毒力因子gelE研究进展

粪肠球菌与多种感染相关,明胶酶是其主要毒力因子之一,它影响粪肠球菌毒力,与粪肠球菌生物被膜形成有关。现对gelE在生物被膜形成中的作用进行综述。     

基质金属蛋白酶 MMP2 和 MMP9 在哺乳动物卵泡发育中的作用研究进展

在哺乳动物卵泡发育过程中,卵泡腔的形成和扩张、排卵、黄体化以及闭锁等伴随明显的组织重塑。卵泡膜细胞和颗粒细胞的细胞外基质及卵泡液中含有大量的明胶蛋白、纤维蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白等,这些活性蛋白为卵泡膜细胞和颗粒细胞的迁移、增殖和分化提供了必要条件。基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinases 2,MMP2)和酶-9(MMP9)在其他MMPs、雌激素、凋亡和自噬信号通路的协同作用下,分解细胞外基质和卵泡液中的明胶蛋白、纤维蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白等,促进细胞凋亡和血管生成,使卵巢组织发生降解和重塑,进而影响卵泡膜细胞和颗粒细胞的功能、卵泡腔的形成及扩张,调控卵泡的生长发育。针对MMP2和MMP9调节卵泡生长、排卵、黄体化及闭锁的研究进展进行综述。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌明胶酶的纯化及特性分析

为阐明鸭疫里默氏杆菌明胶酶的特性,试验以液化明胶的AF株为研究对象,纯化了其明胶酶,并对该酶进行热稳定性、蛋白化学修饰剂抑制作用、金属离子及络合物的影响和致病性等特性分析。结果表明,鸭疫里默氏杆菌AF株的培养上清经超滤浓缩、70%硫酸铵沉淀、阴离子交换层析、疏水柱层析和凝胶柱层析,可获得纯化的明胶酶,SDS-PAGE显示单条带,相对分子质量约59000。该酶在65℃迅速失活,Cu2+、Cd2+、Mn2+、Hg2+对酶活性有强烈的抑制作用,络合物EDTA和EGTA的抑制作用可被Ca2+逆转,PMSF、NBS和AAD可抑制其活性。明胶酶对雏鸭具有毒力,能缩短鸭疫里默氏杆菌致病菌株感染的潜伏期和致死动物的时间,显著提高动物的死亡率。以上结果表明,鸭疫里默氏杆菌明胶酶是一种具有致病作用的金属蛋白酶。     

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile Dampens Cell Migration of Human Neuroblastoma Cells

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common cancer in childhood, and lethal in its high-risk form, primarily because of its high metastatic potential. Targeting cancer cell migration, and thus preventing metastasis formation, is the rationale for more effective cancer therapy against NB. Previous studies have described the leaf extract from Posidonia oceanica marine plant (POE) as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent and inhibitor of cancer cell migration. This study aims to examine the POE anti-migratory role in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms of action. Wound healing and gelatin zymography assays showed that POE at early times inhibits cell migration and reduces pro-MMP-2 release into culture medium. By monitoring expression level of key autophagy markers by Western blot assay, a correlation between POE-induced cell migration inhibition and autophagy activation was demonstrated. Cell morphology and immunofluorescence analyses showed that POE induces neurite formation and neuronal differentiation at later times. These results suggest POE might act against cell migration by triggering early nontoxic autophagy. The POE-induced cellular morphological change toward cell differentiation might contribute to prolonging the phytocomplex anti-migratory effect to later times. Overall, these results encourage future in vivo studies to test POE applicability in neuroblastoma treatment.     

Neutrophil Gelatinase‐Associated Lipocalin in Dogs With Sepsis Undergoing Emergency Laparotomy: A Prospective Case–Control Study

Background

Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an early indicator of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs and its use has not been evaluated in dogs with sepsis.

Animals

Fifteen dogs with sepsis requiring laparotomy (study dogs) and 10 dogs undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc disease (control dogs).

Objective

To determine whether NGAL increases in dogs with sepsis undergoing emergency laparotomy and whether it is correlated with development of AKI and survival.

Methods

Longitudinal study conducted at a referral teaching hospital. Serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (sNGAL), urinary NGAL normalized to urinary creatinine concentration (UNCR), and serum creatinine concentration were measured at 4 time points (admission, after anesthesia, and 24 and 48 hours postsurgery). Development of AKI (increase in serum creatinine concentration of 0.3 mg/dL) and in‐hospital mortality were recorded. Linear mixed‐model analysis was employed to assess differences between groups over time. Mann–Whitney U‐test was performed for comparison of continuous variables between groups and Chi square or Fisher''s exact tests were used to assess correlation between discrete data.

Results

Serum NGAL and UNCR were significantly higher in study dogs across all time points (P = .007 and P < .001, respectively) compared with controls. Urinary NGAL normalized to creatinine in the study group was not significantly different between survivors (n = 12) and nonsurvivors (n = 3). Dogs that received hydroxyethyl starch had significantly higher UNCR across all time points (P = .04) than those that did not.

Discussion—Conclusion

Serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and UNCR are increased in dogs with sepsis requiring emergency laparotomy. Additional studies are needed to evaluate its role as a marker of AKI in this population.