枸杞中总黄酮的分析方法及提取工艺研究

以乙醇为溶剂,采用回流提取法提取宁夏枸杞中的总黄酮。通过正交试验,对影响提取效果的主要因素包括提取温度、提取时间、乙醇浓度和固液比进行优化。通过试验研究发现最优提取条件为:提取温度70℃,提取时间2.0h,乙醇浓度70%,固液比为1:20。此法为枸杞中黄酮类化合物的提取提供了参考。     

河南省农民工回流与非农就业问题的实证研究

珠三角、长三角的产业转移与升级以及富士康等劳动密集型企业落户河南,都极大地推动了河南省外出务工农民工的回流以及农村劳动力的省内转移就业。通过CES经济增长模型和Logistic回归模型,对河南省农民工回流的原因及其非农就业选择进行了实证分析。结果表明,城市产出水平、城市工资、资本价格、农村收入、转移成本、城市失业总人数都会影响农民工回流,且回流农民工更加倾向于非农就业。     

生地黄提取物的制备及其卷烟应用

为开发新型天然烟用香料,采用热回流提取工艺制备生地黄提取物。以提取物得率、感官品质为评价指标,利用单因素试验结合Box-Behnken响应面分析方法对热回流提取工艺中关键参数进行优化,并对其在卷烟中的应用效果进行评价。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度85℃,提取时间55 min,提取溶剂为50%乙醇,料液比1∶12,此时提取物得率为42.0%,且添加量为0.1%~0.4%时感官品质最佳,可丰富烟香,改善余味,增甜增润。     

The effect of topical treatment on esophageal pH during acid reflux in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of suction, lavage and instillation of sodium bicarbonate solution on esophageal pH during acidic gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, clinical trial. ANIMALS: Ten healthy dogs, 4.8 +/- 2.4 years old, and weighing 37.1 +/- 7.9 kg. METHODS: Dogs were admitted to the study if they were under general anesthesia and regurgitation occurred. A sensor-tipped catheter was used to measure esophageal pH. On study entry the esophagus was suctioned. After an interval of at least 5 minutes, if the esophageal pH was still less than 4 the esophagus was lavaged with tap water and again suctioned. In 6 dogs 20 mL of dilute bicarbonate solution was instilled into the esophageal lumen. RESULTS: Suctioning fluid from the esophagus did not change the pH significantly. Lavage with tap water caused the pH to increase above 4 in four dogs, with the average pH increasing from 1.2 +/- 0.5 to 3.5 +/- 4.9. In all dogs where dilute bicarbonate solution was instilled, esophageal pH increased to above 6 for up to 180 (mean +/- SD, 89 +/- 81) minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suctioning refluxate from the esophagus does not change the pH of the esophageal lumen. Instillation of a small volume of bicarbonate solution predictably increased the pH above 4 following an episode of acidic GER. Care must be taken that fluid is instilled into the lumen of the esophagus, and not into the trachea.     

Pre-anesthetic meperidine: associated vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux during the subsequent anesthetic in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of meperidine administered prior to anesthesia on the incidence of vomiting before, and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and regurgitation during, the subsequent period of anesthesia in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. ANIMALS: A total of 60 healthy dogs, 4.3 +/- 2.3 years old, and weighing 35.5 +/- 13.1 kg. METHODS: Dogs were admitted to the study if they were healthy, had no history of vomiting, and were scheduled to undergo elective orthopedic surgery. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include thiopental and isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly selected to receive one of the following pre-medications: morphine (0.66 mg kg(-1) IM) with acepromazine (0.044 mg kg(-1) IM), meperidine (8.8 mg kg(-1) IM) with acepromazine (0.044 mg kg(-1) IM) or meperidine alone (8.8 mg kg(-1) IM). A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastro-esophageal reflux was judged to have occurred if there was a decrease in esophageal pH below four or an increase above 7.5. RESULTS: No dogs vomited after the administration of meperidine, but 50% of dogs vomited after the administration of morphine. When compared with morphine, treatment with meperidine alone or combined with acepromazine before anesthesia was associated with a 55% and 27% reduction in absolute risk of developing GER, respectively. Dogs receiving meperidine alone were significantly less sedate than other dogs in the study, and required more thiopental to induce anesthesia. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different between groups at the start of the measurement period. Cutaneous erythema and swelling were evident in four dogs receiving meperidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of meperidine to healthy dogs prior to anesthesia was not associated with vomiting and tended to reduce the occurrence of GER, but produced less sedation when compared with morphine. Meperidine is not a useful addition to the anesthetic protocol if prevention of GER is desired.     

3种木香多糖提取方法的比较

[目的]比较回流提取法、热水浸提法和超声波辅助提取法对木香多糖提取效果的影响,为木香多糖的开发利用提供参考依据.[方法]以木香根为原料,通过正交试验考察料液比、提取时间、提取温度和提取次数对多糖提取量的影响,采用蒽酮—硫酸法测定木香多糖含量,并对回流提取、热水浸提和超声波辅助提取3种提取方法的最佳提取条件和提取量进行比较.[结果]回流提取法的优化条件:在料液比1∶40、85℃水浴条件下提取3次,每次提取2.5h,多糖提取量11.445 mg/g,以提取次数和料液比对木香多糖提取量的影响显著(P<0.05,下同);热水浸提法的优化条件为:在料液比1∶120、85℃水浴条件下提取2次,每次提取2.0 h,多糖提取量为10.804 mg/g,以提取温度和提取时间对木香多糖提取量的影响显著;超声波辅助提取法的优化条件:在料液比1∶10、50℃超声波辅助(超声功率300 W,工作频率40 kHz)条件下提取2次,每次提取2.5 h,多糖提取量为10.718 mg/g,以提取时间和提取温度对木香多糖提取量的影响显著.[结论]3种提取方法对木香多糖提取量有明显影响,综合考虑,回流提取法成本较低、操作简便,适用于工业化生产,而超声波辅助提取法能耗低、提取效率较高,可作为实验室科学研究的首选方法.     

金银花中绿原酸的提取和含量测定

[目的]研究金银花中绿原酸的不同提取方法并测定了不同花期金银花中绿原酸的含量。[方法]以金银花为材料,采用乙醇回流法和超声提取法提取金银花中的绿原酸,并以紫外分光光度法测定提取物中绿原酸的含量,探讨了不同开花时期金银花中绿原酸含量的差异。[结果]以乙醇回流法提取的金银花原液中绿原酸浓度为1.905 mg/ml,含量为3.81%,而以超声提取法提取的金银花原液中绿原酸浓度为1.306 mg/ml,含量为2.61%,故乙醇回流法比超声提取法提取率更高一些;以乙醇回流法提取的全开金银花原液中绿原酸浓度为0.167 7 mg/ml,含量为0.34%,而以乙醇回流法提取的花苞原液中绿原酸浓度为0.260 1 mg/ml,含量为0.52%,故花苞中的绿原酸含量要高一些。[结论]该方法操作简便迅捷,可用于金银花中绿原酸的提取和含量测定。     

白头翁提取方法比较

本试验采用热回流和超声两种不同提取方法,以水及不同浓度的乙醇溶液为溶剂,制备10个样品,采用高效薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法,通过比较得膏率、色谱图、白头翁皂苷B4峰面积等,考察提取方法对白头翁活性成分的影响。结果表明,两种提取方法中,热回流提取得膏率、白头翁皂苷B4得率均较超声提取法高;乙醇浓度对皂苷B4的提取有一定影响,热回流提取70%～80%乙醇提取率最高,超声提取50%～70%乙醇提取率最高。研究结果为白头翁提取方法的选用提供了科学数据。     

Comparison of two topical treatments of gastro-oesophageal regurgitation in dogs during general anaesthesia

ObjectiveTo determine whether suction, lavage and instillation of sodium bicarbonate, following a gastro-oesophageal regurgitation event under general anaesthesia, would alter oesophageal pH to a greater degree than when lavage was not used.Study designProspective, randomised, clinical study.AnimalsA group of 22 client-owned dogs.MethodsDogs presenting with gastro-oesophageal regurgitation (GOReg) under general anaesthesia were randomised into groups: no lavage (G1) or lavage (G2). All dogs underwent oesophageal suctioning until no further regurgitant material was retrieved. Dogs in G2 had oesophageal lavage with tap water until the suctioned water was clear. All dogs then had 4.2% sodium bicarbonate (0.6 mL kg^–1) instilled into the oesophagus. An oesophageal pH probe was placed to record pH immediately after: GOReg (T1), suctioning (T2), lavage of the oesophagus (T3; G2 only) and sodium bicarbonate instillation (T4). Categorical data were analysed using Fisher’s exact test, and continuous data were analysed using either the two-sample t-test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Parametric data are reported as mean ± standard deviation and non-parametric data as median (interquartile range). A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsOesophageal pH was low in both groups immediately after GOReg [G1: 2.95 (2.20–4.18), G2: 3.29 (1.41–4.03)] but oesophageal pH was not significantly different between groups at T1, T2 and T4. Oesophageal lavage significantly increased pH but the overall change in pH following bicarbonate administration (T2–T4) was not significantly different between groups [G1: 3.16 ± 1.52, G2: 3.52 ± 1.47]. No adverse events following GOReg were recorded.Conclusions and clinical relevance:Both groups had similar and clinically important increases in oesophageal pH. Although oesophageal lavage increased pH, this did not affect the final oesophageal pH when sodium bicarbonate was instilled and therefore may be an unnecessary step.     

圆齿野鸦椿籽油提取工艺及脂肪酸组分分析

为高效利用圆齿野鸦椿籽油,采用正己烷加热回流提取圆齿野鸦椿籽油,分别考察了提取时间、提取温度和正己烷-圆齿野鸦椿籽粉末比(液料比)对圆齿野鸦椿籽油提取得率的影响。以单因素试验的结果为依据,运用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行Box-Behnken响应面设计及数据分析,进一步对回流提取圆齿野鸦椿籽油的工艺进行优化。研究结果表明:各因素影响提取得率的主次顺序为提取时间、提取温度、液料比;最佳提取工艺是加热回流提取时间62.04 min,提取温度80.2℃,液料比10.14∶1(mL∶g),该条件下提取得率的预测值为5.84%,通过验证实验发现,提取得率实验值为(5.85±0.001)%,与预测值接近,两者的相对误差为0.17%,说明响应面优化的圆齿野鸦椿籽油提取工艺稳定、可行。同时,对圆齿野鸦椿籽不同部位提取得到的油脂进行分析,种仁出油率为(35.6±0.7)%,种皮出油率为(2.1±0.15)%,对籽油成分进行分析,检测出18种脂肪酸成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸达到65.52%,亚油酸的量最高,达45.64%。