Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A CERVICAL WOODEN FOREIGN BODY IN A DOG

This article describes the discovery of a chronic cervical wooden foreign body ventral to the left transverse processes of the cranial cervical spine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a dog that presented with chronic neck pain and lameness. The dog did not exhibit dysphagia or chronic draining tracts, the most common signs of the presumed cause, that of a penetrating oropharyngeal foreign body. The foreign body itself was represented on MR images as an oval straight-edged core within an inflammatory tissue reaction. The wood was slightly hyperintense on T2- and isointense on T1-weighted images relative to muscle. Surrounding this was a more conspicuous contrast-enhancing reactive tissue rim that was hyperintense on all pulse sequences. Adjacent musculature also exhibited diffuse edema and contrast enhancement that extended around the left cervical vertebral transverse processes and local intervertebral nerve roots. The foreign body was found to be a wooden stick upon surgical removal. MRI is an excellent method for visualizing the inflammatory tissue reactions associated with soft-tissue foreign bodies because of its contrast resolution and depiction of anatomy in multiple imaging planes.     

小球藻遗传转化技术研究进展

小球藻(Chlorella)是一种单细胞真核藻类,属绿藻门、绿藻纲、绿球藻目、小球藻科、小球藻属[1].作为最早开发的真核微藻之一,具有高营养价值、生长快速、结构简单、易工业化集成等显著优点.其细胞形态为球形或椭圆形,直径 3～12μm,呈单生或聚集成群状生长[2],分布广泛,多见于淡水、咸水和土壤中.作为地球上最早的...     

临泽县政策性农业保险助力乡村振兴的实践与思考

临泽县把开展政策性农业保险作为推动乡村振兴的有力抓手,在发展壮大现代农业的同时,有效降低了自然灾害对农业生产带来的风险损失,切实构筑起了农业产业发展风险防波堤。但也面临着一些制约发展的因素。本文综述了临泽县开展政策性农业保险助力乡村振兴发展的情况和存在的问题,并针对性提出发展对策。     

西部大开发政策下我国环保法律政策研究--以PRC/GEF-OP12项目为例

中国西部大开发政策显示了政府促进西部地区可持续发展的决心。中国政府已经认识到西部大开发成功的关键是如何保护本地区脆弱的生态环境,扭转自然资源退化的趋势。作为西部大开发的一部分,政府决心解决支持发展的必要环境条件。其中,土地退化是最重要的环境问题。本文仅从分析目前我国环保法律制度对于土地退化防治的规定不足之处,来探讨我国环保法律制度应如何完善,更好的为土地退化防治乃至整个西部地区的生态建设服务。     

新城疫病毒作为疫苗载体的研究进展

在综述新城疫病毒(NDV) 的分子生物学特征、致病本质、复制机理以及利用反向遗传操作技术获得NDV的感染性克隆的基础上,着重介绍了以NDV作载体,将报告基因、功能基因包括鸡传染性法氏囊病毒VP2基因及流感病毒HA基因等插入NDV基因组的不同位置构建重组新城疫病毒,并对外源基因进行成功表达的研究进展。同时对DNV作为新的疫苗载体表达外源基因的可行性及未来应用前景进行了初探。     

TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

● Agriculture on Loess Plateau has transformed from food shortage to green development. ● Terracing and check-dams are the key engineering measures to increase crop yields. ● Agronomic measures and policy support greatly increased crop production. ● Increasing non-agricultural income is a key part of increasing farmers’ income. ● Grain for Green Program had an overwhelming advantage in protecting environment. Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.     

农业院校图书馆印刷型外文期刊利用状况的统计分析

在电子期刊蓬勃发展并日益得到读者青睐的新时代,馆藏印刷型外文期刊的利用率降低;更由于各高校图书馆的经费与存储空间有限,导致外文印刷型期刊在采购和收藏上存在很大的困难。通过对东北农业大学图书馆五年来读者阅览和复印外刊的变化统计,显示出印刷型外刊在广大的农业院校读者群中还有其存在的意义和作用,为各高校图书馆采购和收藏外刊提供可靠的数据依据。     

西方国家碳税收入使用政策比较及其启示

碳税收入使用政策是西方国家碳税制度设计的一项重要内容，其主要基于税收中性原则，将税收收入或投资于环保节能项目，或以税式支出方式降低纳税人负担，确保碳税收入的循环，实现节能减排的目标。在我国碳税制度设计的构想中，应借鉴西方国家税制经验，结合本国现实情况，科学合理地设计碳税收入使用政策，确保碳税调节功能的充分发挥，将碳税发展成培育战略性新兴产业的重要政策工具之一。     

基于PSO-BP神经网络的外贸发展状况的评价

以我国对外贸易的实际情况为基础，建立了评价外贸发展状况的一套指标体系.使用主成分分析方法对所有评价指标进行预处理之后，借助粒子群优化算法改进了BP神经网络算法，构建了外贸发展状况的评价模型.评价模型在具体应用中，评价结果较为准确，具有一定的科学性和合理性.