Foot-and-mouth disease virus

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae and the etiological agent of the economically most important animal disease. As a typical picornavirus, FMD virions are nonenveloped particles of icosahedral symmetry and its genome is a single stranded RNA of about 8500 nucleotides and of positive polarity. FMDV RNA is infectious and it replicates via a complementary, minus strand RNA. FMDV RNA replication is error-prone so that viral populations consist of mutant spectra (quasispecies) rather than a defined genomic sequence. Therefore FMDV in nature is genetically and antigenically diverse. This poses important challenges for the diagnosis, prevention and control of FMD. A deeper understanding of FMDV population complexity and evolution has suggested requirements for a new generation of anti-FMD vaccines. This is relevant to the current debate on the adequacy of non-vaccination versus vaccination policies for the control of FMD.

Résumé

Le virus de la fièvre aphteuse est un aphtovirus de la famille des Picornaviridae et l'agent de la maladie animale la plus importante sur le plan économique. En tant que picornavirus typique, le virus de la fièvre aphteuse est nu, sous forme d'icosaèdre et son génome comprend un acide ribonucléique monobrin avec environ 8500 nucléotides et une polarité positive. L'acide ribonucléique de ce virus est infectieux et il se réplique par l'intermédiaire d'un brin d'ARN moins, complémentaire. La réplication de l'acide nucléique de ce virus conduit à des erreurs, de telle sorte que les populations virales comprennent un ensemble de mutants (quasi espèce) plutôt qu'une séquence génomique bien définie. Par suite, le virus de la fièvre aphteuse est génétiquement et antigéniquement varié. Ceci entraîne des difficultés importantes pour le diagnostic, la prévention et la maîtrise de la fièvre aphteuse. Une connaissance plus approfondie de la complexité et de l'évolution de la population de ce virus a conduit à des besoins pour une nouvelle génération de vaccines aphteux. Ceci est lié au débat actuel sur le choix d'une politique de vaccination ou de non-vaccination dans la lutte contre la fièvre aphteuse.     

Dengue hemorrhagic fever with special emphasis on immunopathogenesis

Dengue virus infections are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world; Southeast and South Asia, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Dengue virus infection can be asymptomatic or causes two forms of illness, dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), which is the severe form of dengue illness and often fatal. Pathogenesis of DHF has been analyzed, and two mechanisms are considered to be responsible. These include dengue serotype cross-reactive immune responses and virulence of the virus. The immunopathological mechanisms include a complex series of immune responses. Rapid increase in the levels of cytokines, especially TNF-, and chemical mediators play a key role in inducing unique clinical manifestations of DHF such as plasma leakage, shock, and hemorrhagic manifestations. It is understood that the process is initiated by infection with a virulent dengue virus, often in the presence of antibodies that enhance dengue virus infection in secondary infection, and then triggered by rapidly elevated cytokines and chemical mediators that were produced by intense immune activation. However, complete understanding of the entire pathological mechanism is far from complete, and further studies are still needed.     

The development of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in rabbits infected with the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was demonstrated in malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus-infected rabbits intradermally injected with homologous viral antigens.The response was first detected four days post-infection (pi) and was maximal on day 7 pi. DTH could not be demonstrated after the onset of pyrexia. The abrogation of DTH in MCF virus-infected rabbits is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of the disease.     

黑纹粉蝶Pieris melete Ménétriès生殖系统

【目的】研究黑纹粉蝶Pieris melete Ménétriès生殖系统的解剖学结构,以期发现更多的分类特征,为其所属类群乃至粉蝶亚科的系统发育分析提供依据。【方法】于2009-2010年夏季分别在浙江临安和陕西秦岭采集黑纹粉蝶成虫,在MODEL SZX2-ILLK型显微镜下观察雌虫和雄虫内、外生殖器的解剖结构,运用QImaging Retiga 2000R CCD数码相机进行照相,用图像叠加软件Automontage进行图像合成,描述其特征。【结果】黑纹粉蝶雌虫外生殖器包括交配囊及其附属结构、导精管、表皮突和肛突;内生殖器包括1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺以及外生殖腔。雄虫外生殖器包括阳具、抱握器及其支持结构;内生殖器包括1个睾丸、2条输精管、1对贮精囊、开口于阳茎基部的射精管和附腺。【结论】黑纹粉蝶的卵巢两侧不对称,一侧的4根卵巢管直接合并,另一侧则是相邻的2根卵巢管先分别聚成一支,然后2支再聚合,与中输卵管相接。     

麋鹿非繁殖期生境适宜度评价指标探讨

根据麋鹿生境分布特点,将影响麋鹿生境适宜度的因素分为非生物因子、生物因子和干扰因子,运用麋鹿的生物学、生态学研究成果,对我国麋鹿生境适宜度评价指标进行了探讨。在众多影响麋鹿生存的因子中,植被、食物、水源、外界干扰、生境类型、生态安全等被确定为影响麋鹿生境适宜的主要评价因子,制定了麋鹿生境适宜度评估模型,并赋予了相应分值,可为我国麋鹿栖息地评价提供参考。     

麋鹿头骨的解剖学研究

2009年4-10月,对48例麋鹿头骨的11项形态学基本指标进行了测量和统计学分析,结果表明:麇鹿头骨在4岁前生长发育迅速,4岁之后生长速率趋缓,说明麋鹿头骨的发育滞后于体成熟;头骨各变量间相关性程度具有一定的差异,但多数达到相关显著或极显著;雌雄麋鹿头骨之间的差异极显著,属于典型的性二型动物,与其他鹿科动物相比,麋鹿...     

豹纹鳃棘鲈仔、稚、幼鱼的形态观察

参照鮨科鱼类胚后发育时期划分的一般方法,结合豹纹鳃棘鲈的形态特征将其胚后发育时期划分为仔鱼期（分卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼）、稚鱼期和幼鱼期,并对各时期的形态特征进行了描述。记录了各时期的形态特征,豹纹鳃棘鲈体型修长,幼鱼通体红色,在鱼体上有数列排列整齐的蓝色或黑色斑点;在早期发育阶段第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的绝对平均长度可达13．12mm和10．19mm,而臀鳍发育较慢,当腹鳍棘和第二背鳍棘开始回收时其臀鳍棘才开始长出。     

不同材质生物降解地膜的性能及其对番茄生长的影响

为筛选适宜应用在塑料大棚番茄种植中的生物降解地膜产品,对比了不同聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)材质、PBAT+聚乳酸(PLA)混合材质的全生物降解地膜产品的性能以及其对番茄长势、产量的影响。结果表明:PBAT材质降解膜在抑制水分蒸发、降解性能、提高番茄产量及效益方面,均比PBAT+PLA材质降解膜的效果好,故在塑料大棚番茄生产中可以选用PBAT材质的生物降解膜。     

绵山天幕毛虫性信息素通讯系统扫描电镜观察

通过对绵山天幕毛虫性信息素释放系统——雌蛾性腺和性信息素接受系统——雄蛾触角进行扫描电镜观察,发现绵山天幕毛虫性信息素分泌腺位于腹尖末端8~9节之间,是一个可外翻的环状结构;性信息素感受器主要为毛形感器。绵山天幕毛虫性信息素通讯系统的研究为绵山天幕毛虫性信息素的快速提取、分析、合成提供了依据。     

超临界CO_2萃取法提取康藏荆芥中有效成分的研究

[目的]利用超临界CO2萃取方法提取康藏荆芥中的有效成分,为找出康藏荆芥中有效成分的最佳提取方法并对提取物进行准确分析奠定基础。[方法]应用超临界CO2萃取技术进行提取,用气-质联用(GC-MS)技术进行分析检测。[结果]结果表明,康藏荆芥用乙醇作夹带剂的超临界CO2萃取方法提取的主要成分是以胡薄荷酮(pulegone)为主的萜酮类物质。[结论]超临界萃取方法是一种对康藏荆芥有效成分提取的可行方法。