Catecholamine and cortisol responses of horses to incremental exertion

The responses of the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol in horses to varied relative intensities of exertion were examined. The plasma concentrations of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly (p<0.05) with exertion. The plasma cortisol concentrations at relative work intensities of 48.3%±1.4%, 82.3%±2.0% and 99.6%±0.4% of VO_2max were 114%, 124%, and 126%, respectively, of those at rest, whereas the plasma epinephrine concentrations were 239%, 772% and 3483%, and the norepinephrine concentrations were 138%, 255%, and 1121% of the values at rest. There was a significant (p<0.0001) relationship between the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The blood lactate concentration and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly (p<0.0001) related, as were the relative work intensity (%VO_2max) and the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. The relationships between the plasma cortisol concentration and work intensity or blood lactate concentration were not significant (p>0.05). This study demonstrates a relationship between relative work intensity and indicators of adrenal medullary and sympathetic activity during brief exertion in horses.     

开颖和柱头外露对小麦温光敏雄性核不育系异交结实的影响

为提高杂交小麦制种产量,对33个小麦温光敏雄性核不育系的开颖率和柱头外露率与总异交结实率的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,33个不育系的平均不育度为99.60%,天然异交结实率为79.74%,开颖率为83.40%,柱头外露率为4.85%。所有不育系开颖小花的平均异交结实率为86.13%,开颖小花结实占总异交结实的80.88%,开颖率与总异交结实率呈极显著正相关（r=0.831 4）,说明开颖率是决定小麦温光敏核不育系异交结实率的关键因素之一。柱头外露小花的异交结实率为90.23%,其结实占总异交结实的5.39%,柱头外露率与总异交结实率呈正相关,但相关不显著,其原因与不育系的平均柱头外露率较低有关;但柱头外露小花的异交结实能力强于开颖小花,因此选育高柱头外露率小麦不育系有助于提高杂交小麦异交结实率和制种产量。     

竞技武术套路中搬脚朝天蹬直立平衡动作下肢肌肉用力特征的表面肌电分析

运用表面肌电遥测和高速摄影同步测试技术,对竞技武术套路中搬脚朝天蹬直立平衡动作的下肢肌 肉用力特征进行测试。结果显示： 所测五名女子运动员的下肢六部位肌肉（胫骨前肌、臀中肌、臀大肌 、腓肠肌、股二头肌和股直肌）的放电大小顺序和先后顺序相似,即胫骨前肌最先放电且放电量最大、其 次是臀中肌和臀大肌几乎同时放电,而后依次是腓肠肌、股二头肌和股直肌。在完成动作过程中,运动员 的运动级别越高,其各部位肌肉的总积分肌电值却越低。武英级运动员与二级运动员在股直肌、股二头肌 、胫骨前肌、臀中肌上的均方根振幅(RMS)指标上存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。与二级运动员相比,武英 级运动员在完成该动作时肌肉间的配合更协调,总体更省力。     

论张载的礼学思想及其实践

唐末五代社会秩序的破坏,传统文化中礼治秩序因子以及宋初三先生、李觏等以礼的价值标准重建宋代国家与社会秩序的思想共同铸就了张载关学的礼学特色。而张载的礼学不同于先秦秦汉的礼学,他把“礼”由形而下之器,发展为形而上之道,以此作为宋代社会与国家秩序重构的哲学依据。张载不仅对礼进行了形上的研究,而且受到其经世思想的影响,曾尝试在民间推行礼制,并在一定范围内改变了民风民俗。     

Predicting temperature induced sterility of rice spikelets requires simulation of crop-generated microclimate

Extreme temperatures cause spikelet sterility in rice and thus yield losses. Predicting sterility is difficult because organ temperature may differ from air temperature. Four rice genotypes were planted under irrigated flooded conditions in a similar replicated design in four environments: the relatively humid dry season in the Philippines, the summer season in southern France and the cold-dry and hot-dry seasons in northern Senegal. Panicle temperature was measured by IR photography on ca. 4000 images, complemented with simultaneous monitoring of micro-climatic variables on the floodwater-canopy-air continuum. Spikelet sterility was observed at the population scale at grain maturity, and canopy morphology was also characterized (plant height, leaf area index, panicle position within the canopy and panicle exertion). The period and time of day of anthesis (TOA) was estimated using a model developed on the same experiments as described in a previous paper. Panicle temperature varied between 9.5 °C below and 2 °C above air temperature at 2 m. During TOA it was on average slightly warmer than the air in the Philippines and significantly colder in Senegal. Spikelet sterility was disaggregated into three components caused by chilling at microspore stage, incomplete panicle exertion at anthesis and high panicle temperature at anthesis. Chilling caused up to 100% and heat up to 40% sterility, the former mainly in the Senegal cool-dry season and the latter in the Philippines. All genotypes avoided heat sterility in the hot-dry season in Senegal despite air temperatures up to 40 °C, by a combination of escape (early TOA) and avoidance (transpiration cooling). Only one genotype had no chilling induced sterility due to physiological tolerance. It is concluded that heat stress causing sterility is more likely to occur in warm-humid than hot-arid environments due to humidity effects on transpiration cooling. Models predicting global warming effects on sterility losses need to consider microclimate and organ temperature, and research is now needed on the genetic control of panicle transpiration cooling     

Genetics of anther indehiscence with exerted stigmas and its application in hybrid rice breeding

Complete indehiscence of anthers accompanied with exerted stigmas outside the hull could be useful in hybrid rice breeding if the genetics and possible environmental effects are well understood. Studies were undertaken to identify the sources, confirm the mode of inheritance, and examine the possible environmental effects and potential application of anther indehiscence with exerted stigmas in hybrid rice breeding. Direct and reciprocal crosses were made between Jasmine 85, selected interspecific and intersubspecific lines and two wide compatibility varieties. The resulting F₁ progenies were evaluated for their expression of anther indehiscence and exerted stigmas. Expression of anther indehiscence with exerted stigmas by both direct and reciprocal crosses suggested no effect of cytoplasmic factors on the expression of the trait. Segregation analysis supported the 7:1 (indehiscence:dehiscence) mode of inheritance. Temperature and relative humidity could not modulate the fertility/sterility status of anther indehiscent plants. Utilization of anther indehiscence with exerted stigmas in hybrid rice breeding was hindered by trait fixation and propagation.     

水稻长节间基因对GA3敏感性和不育系改良

带有长节间基因eui水稻不论在苗期和抽穗期对GA3的敏感性均高于等位的Eui基因，尤其对茎部的第1和第2节间影响较大，属1-2节间伸长型。带有Eui基因则对第2和第3节间伸长影响较大，属2-3节间伸长型。带有eui基因的珍长保持系作为供体，将eui导入野败不育系二九南1号、二九青、V20以及矮败不育系协青早，使其穗伸出长度提高了82     

农民土地权利保护研究：以农户认知与行使为视角

以全国26个省份问卷抽样调查得到的890个样本农户的数据为基础.从土地产权的土地使用权、转让权和收益权3个维度出发,以法律赋予农户土地权利的相关法律条例为基准,将农户对土地权利的认知情况与现实生活中农户对土地权利的行使情况进行对比,对全国东、中、西三大地区样本农户的土地权利保护情况进行区域比较.结果表明,各地区土地使用权缺乏稳定性:土地转让权的执行力度仍然不够;农业经营收益权和农地流转收益权基本得到保障;征地收益权受损比较严重.     

5个新育成籼型光温敏核不育系开花习性观察

对5个新育成的籼型水稻光温敏核不育系和培矮64S(CK)的开花习性进行了系统观察,结果表明:华885S单穗和单株开花历期最短,与对照培矮64S相近,而华893S和华328S的单穗和单株开花历期相对较长.华884S、华885S、华886S和华893S抽穗后开花较对照培矮64S早.华884S、华886S、华893S和华328S的花时分布较为集中,而华885和培矮64S花时分布较分散.颖间距和张颖角度最大者是华893S,培矮64S最小.张颖时间最长者为华886S,其次是华893S、华885S、培矮64S和华884S.华328S最短.华893S柱头外露率最高,达91.20%,华886S、华885S和培矮64S柱头外露率也都高于83%.华893S、华886S和华884S的柱头面积均大于6.0 mm2,华893S的柱头活力保持时间最长,且柱头活力下降较慢.