河蚬的耗氧率和排氨率

本试验研究了在饱食状态下各种大小的河蚬在下不同温度下的耗氧率和排氨率及其昼夜变化的特征。结果表明,温度和河蚬的个体大小均对其耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响。其中,河蚬耗氧率与其体重之间呈幂函数关系,排氨率与其体重之间呈指数函数关系;而温度对河蚬耗氧率和排氨率的影响,则表现为,在一定的温度范围内,河蚬的耗氧率和排氨率,随温度的升高而增加,超过某一温度,则随温度的的升高而降低。还发现,河蚬的耗氧率存在着明显     

EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY BY INTRAOSSEOUS INJECTION OF CONTRAST MEDIA IN A RABBIT MODEL

There are many indications for an intravenous excretory urogram. However, where intravenous access is not available, the intraosseous route to the circulation may be an alternative. We found that safe and diagnostic excretory urograms could be obtained in rabbits following the injection of different contrast media via the intraosseous route. In fact, these excretory urograms were indistinguishable from ones obtained by the conventional intravenous route. While the rabbits did not develop any abnormal clinical signs following the procedure, there were postmortem histologic lesions of osteochondrosis in 5 of 22 (22.7%) tibias receiving an intraosseous needle, but in none of the 14 tibias that did not receive an intraosseous needle. Further, the use of diatrizoate was associated with the development of osteochondrosis while the use of iopamidol was not.     

NONHUMAN PRIMATE EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY*

Survey radiographs have not accurately identified renal contour or location in nonhuman primates. Excretory urography using 786 to 1193 mg iodinelkg body weight resulted in dense opacification of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Abdominal compression improved visu- alization of the renal pelvis. Interpretation of the nonhuman primate excretory urogram was compromised by several anatomic characteristics of this animal group. Superimposition of the kidneys on the lateral radiograph limited evaluation of the renal contour. Since the renal pelvis in most species of nonhuman primates does not possess diverticula (as in the dog and cat) or a caliceal system (as in the pig and man), the diagnosis of pyelonephritis or renal mass lesions was difficult. Severe irregularities in the renal contour, size of the renal pelvis, or areas of deficient concentrating ability were identifiable in nonhuman primate excretory urograms, but the diagnosis of small cysts was not possible in smaller nonhuman primates. The presence of a caliceal collecting system in the spider monkey (Ateles sp.) suggests this animal as a potential model for the evaluation of human renal disease.     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS — USE OF MULTIPHASE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC UROGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF URETERAL TEAR IN A 6‐DAY‐OLD FOAL

A 6‐day‐old foal was evaluated for depression and inappetence. After initial stabilization, the filly developed a hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and persistent hypercreatinemia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed fluid accumulation around the left kidney and a well‐defined rounded fluid filled structure dorsal to the urinary bladder. Computed tomography revealed a partial tear of the left ureter with distension of the retroperitoneal membrane. Exploratory celiotomy was performed to allow left kidney nephrectomy. At 6 months follow‐up, the filly was growing normally without complications. Ultrasound and CT imaging in this case provided an accurate diagnosis and a presurgical aid to select the appropriate therapeutic approach.     

EFFECT OF REPRODUCTIVE STATUS ON FELINE RENAL SIZE

Renal length and width dimensions were determined from survey radiography and excretory urography in 28 cats of various sex and reproductive status. Renal dimensions were expressed as a ratio to the length of the second lumbar vertebra. Renal dimensions were not significantly different when males were compared to females. However, significant differences in renal dimensions between intact and neutered cats were identified. Renal length ratios for neutered cats were: left kidney 2.22 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- standard deviation), right kidney 2.29 +/- 0.14. In intact cats, renal length ratios were: left kidney 2.60 +/- 0.19, right kidney 2.65 +/- 0.24. The mean renal length ratios for neutered cats was smaller than previously reported normal values. Thus, reproductive status should be considered when evaluating feline kidneys for alterations in size. Based on this study, normal feline renal length ratios range from 1.9 to 2.6 for neutered cats and 2.1 to 3.2 for intact cats.     

EFFECT OF CONTRAST MEDIUM DOSE AND IMAGE ACQUISITION TIMING ON URETERAL OPACIFICATION IN THE NORMAL DOG AS ASSESSED BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Computed tomography (CT) excretory urography was performed in five adult female dogs after intravenous injection of a bolus of four different doses of water-soluble iodinated contrast medium (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg1/kg). CT images centered over the urinary bladder were performed before injection and 1,3,5,7,9,11,15,20,25,30,40,50, and 60 minutes after injection. Opacification of both ureters was evaluated by measuring maximum CT number of individual ureters at each time. Time opacification curves were generated for each dose. Best opacification of the ureters was obtained with 400 and 800 mgl/kg, with a constant peak at 3 minutes and durable opacification for 1 hour. Insufficient opacification was obtained with lower dose of 100 and 200 mgI/kg.     

东方次睾吸虫电镜研究 Ⅱ.消化系统和排泄系统

本文应用透射电镜对东方次睾吸虫的消化和排泄系统作了全面观察。结果表明,消化道的口、咽和食道由不同厚度和折皱的皮层覆盖。首次报告食道和主肠接合点。主肠上皮为单层柱状,肠支为合胞体。肠的细胞体向肠腔明显凸出,并具板层结构以增加表面积。食物为液体和漂浮于其中的细胞碎屑以及其他小型固体物质。肠上皮不断向腔内分泌消化酶,食物主要在肠腔内消化吸收,少数则由板层包裹后在细胞内消化,液体食物也可直接渗入细胞内消化。排泄系统末端器官焰细胞具有特多的纤毛和小毛,每个焰细胞纤毛数量达169-314根。排泄管和排泄囊微绒毛浓密,管腔中有脂滴和许多钙质颗粒。这些都说明东方次睾吸虫排泄作用相当活跃。     

犬静脉泌尿系造影术研究

选本地健康成年犬20只(体重为10.5～25.0kg),在全麻状态下取腹背位评定,主要采用腹部压迫法摄取造影片。结果:(1)kVP=体厚(cm) 55,mAs=50(中速钨酸钙增感屏);(2)以跖外静脉及隐静脉为注射部位,60％复方泛影葡胺(0.50～0.75mL/kg在1min左右注完);(3)摄取肾实质、肾盂及全尿路的最佳时机分别为1、15及30min左右;(4)肾脏位于脊柱两侧T_(13)～L_4水平处。肾长径约为横径的2倍,约为L_2长度的3倍。肾盂属于肾内型,多呈漏斗状或三角形。肾盂的髓质边缘处有6～8对锯齿状肾盂盲囊。个别犬的输尿管有迂曲现象。     

EFFECTS OF FUROSEMIDE ON URETERAL DIAMETER AND ATTENUATION USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS

One of the limitations of computed tomographic excretory urography (CTEU) for diagnosis of ureteral disease in dogs is that normal ureteral peristalsis can cause intermittent and inconsistent filling. The aims of this study were to determine if the addition of furosemide to a standard CTEU protocol would increase identification of the ureteral segments, increase ureteral attenuation and increase ureteral diameter in normal dogs. Standard and furosemide‐enhanced CTEU scans were acquired in 14 healthy dogs 3 and 10 minutes postcontrast. Ureteral diameters, attenuation values, and percent ureteral filling scores were recorded without the knowledge of furosemide treatment. Comparisons were made between treatments for each postcontrast scan time. The addition of furosemide to the CTEU protocol improved visualization of the ureters by significantly increasing the number of ureteral segments that were able to be identified, as well as their diameter when imaging the patient 3 min following contrast injection (P = 0.012). No major side effects were observed at the dose of 4 mg/kg. There was no advantage to imaging dogs 10 min following contrast administration as the ureteral segments were less attenuating and a smaller percentage of the ureter could be identified. We conclude that the addition of furosemide to canine CTEU studies is safe and may help improve visualization of the ureters.     

THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE NEPHROGRAM IN EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY: A REVIEW

The nephrographic phase of the excretory urogram may be used to qualitatively assess some functional aspects of renal disease. Functional abnormalities of the kidney which alter the normal pattern of nephrographic opacification may be associated with renal perfusion abnormalities, glomerular dysfunction, intra or extrarenal obstruction, renal tubular necrosis and adverse reactions (renal or systemic) to iodinated contrast media. The time of maximum nephrographic opacification following intravenous injection of contrast medium and variations in nephrographic opacity before and after maximum opacification may help differentiate these disease processes. Standard radiographic and urographic techniques must be used to prevent changes caused by variations in contrast medium dosage and filming sequence from being misinterpreted as functional renal abnormalities.