抚育间伐对燕山北部山区山杨林物种多样性的影响

为了了解抚育间伐对燕山北部山区山杨林物种多样性的影响,对山杨林抚育间伐前后的物种多样性进行了调查和分析,结果表明:抚育后林地草本植物的物种多样性高于未抚育林地,抚育间伐林地草本植物的Patrick指数、Margarlef指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为35.0、6.13、0.89和2.76,未抚育样地分别为29.0、4.90、0.32和1.91;抚育林地灌木的Patrick指数、Margarlef指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为9.0、1.41、0.43和0.98,未抚育林地则分别为8.0、1.48、0.68和1.51,除Patrick指数外,抚育林地的其他多样性指数都低于未抚育林地;抚育间伐使乔木层优势种的优势更为明显。由此得出结论,抚育间伐对山杨林的物种多样性有明显影响,但草本、灌木与乔木对抚育间伐的响应有所不同。     

Livestock grazing has minimal effect on the species richness and diversity of semi-arid shrubland in the Western Little Karoo,South Africa

The Succulent Karoo, one of two arid biodiversity hotspots in the world, is known for its high plant species richness, but little is known about the influence of topography and how it mediates the potentially deleterious effects of grazing. Changes in vegetation species composition, cover and species diversity were examined along piosphere gradients on northerly slopes, bottomlands and low-lying plains on 45 farms. Landscapes differed in the plant speciesand life-form composition, species richness and cover, with the more species-rich, heterogeneous grassy northerly slopes distinct from the plains and bottomlands, which were dominated by Pteronia pallens, Psilocaulon junceum and Drosanthenum spp. with more annual and ephemeral species. Overall, species richness declined linearly with decreasing rangeland condition. A weak grazing effect was detected only on the north-facing slopes, where shrubs and grass decreased with intense grazing. Years of overgrazing have resulted in the widespread dominance of P. pallens, especially on the plains and bottomlands, rendering them insensitive to grazing. The current condition of the northern slopes should be maintained and managed such that palatable species can spread to more degraded areas of the landscape.     

Bt转基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构研究

选用3个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种DP99B、20B、1560BG和2个非抗虫棉对照品种鄂杂棉1号、湘杂棉2号,比较研究了不同棉花群体中昆虫群落结构特征。结果表明,在未采取任何防治措施的情况下,3个转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫种群,尤其是在棉花生育前期有很好的抑制作用;同时对其他鳞翅目害虫种群也有一定控制效果,这使得棉蚜、棉叶蝉、烟粉虱等刺吸式害虫上升为主要害虫。但抗虫棉棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落以及天敌亚群落的多样性、均匀性均较对照棉田小,而优势集中性比对照棉田高,反映出抗虫棉棉田昆虫群落结构稳定性较差。相对来说,DP99B和20B抗虫性能较好,其棉田昆虫群落结构也比较稳定。因此,转Bt基因抗虫棉的大面积应用中,除了要关注抗毒性棉铃虫的产生和危害以外,还应特别注意其他可能上升为主要害虫(如棉蚜、棉叶蝉、烟粉虱等)的防治工作。     

套作油菜对杏-麦间作果园节肢动物群落影响初探

对套种油菜的杏-麦果园和杏-麦间作果园节肢动物群落的初步系统研究表明,新疆南部绿洲荒漠生态区杏-麦间作果园节肢动物共计24种,隶属11目,21科.杏-麦间作果园套作蜜源植物(油菜)能够提高果园生态系统的生物多样性,显著增加天敌果园生态系统的稳定性以及节肢动物群落天敌亚群落.     

桃园昆虫群落的时间结构研究

采用物种多样性、均匀性及优势度等指标测定了桃园昆虫群落的时间结构变化。结果表明,无昆虫群落物种数随桃树生长而增加,优势种也因其生长而变化;根据群落的相异系数对无４～８月的昆虫群落进行聚类和排序的分析发现,６月和７月的昆虫群落最为相似。其次是４月和５月。     

落叶松小径木异型锯材的干燥均匀度

由于森林资源总体质量的下降,木材生产中小径木所占比例越来越大。小径木因其径级小、材质不稳定等缺点,使用受到限制。如何充分开发和高效利用小径木资源,成为当前国内外学者普遍关注的问题。目前,小径木大多作为木片、造纸和人造板的原料,这种利用方式投资大、产品单一、资金回收慢、经济效益低。而将小径木经过优化选材、优化设计和优化工艺的方法,加工成集成材、重组木等,可改善或提高小径木材质,克服径级小、利用单一的缺点,满足市场对木材的旺盛需求。     

林木空间分布格局及其与BRDF的关系

将均匀度指数引入林木空间分布格局对双向反射分布函数(BRDF)影响的分析中,利用光学遥感模型定量分析林木空间分布格局对BRDF的影响。结果表明:对于红光波段,在大于树冠尺度上均匀度可以有效地描述林木空间分布格局对BRDF曲线的影响;均匀度与BRDF之间呈现负指数关系,同时这种关系还在一定程度上受郁闭度的影响,郁闭度越大,林木空间分布格局对BRDF的影响也越大。对于近红外波段,由于受多次散射的影响,BRDF与林木空间格局之间的关系更为复杂,均匀度尚未有效描述此关系。     

热带次生林演替过程中环境因子对物种多样性的影响

为了解热带森林次生演替的群落环境特征变化对植物多样性的影响,以两种不同演替阶段的热带滨海次生林群落为研究对象,采用两种非参数检验以及Kendall秩相关分析的方法,对两群落内部的环境因子及其对植物多样性、均匀度以及物种周转率的影响进行研究。结果表明:各环境因子在群落间和群落内均存在差异。在热带常绿季雨林(TEMF)、灌木林(SHR)内,光合有效辐射(PAR)对物种多样性和周转率有显著影响。在两个群落内,土壤相对湿度对物种分布均起到重要影响,对SHR中物种分布的影响更强。在TEMF中,土壤温度、坡度及坡位对物种多样性和周转率限制显著;在SHR中,空气相对湿度成为限制物种分布的主要环境因子。     

3种改造人工林的林下植物多样性和土壤物理性质

【目的】对广东省佛山市云勇林场3种人工林的林下植物多样性和土壤物理性质进行研究,以期为生态公益林的培育及养护管理提供理论依据。【方法】在石笔木Tutcheria championii纯林(简称P1样地),杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、米老排Mytilaria laosensi、尖叶杜英Elaeocarpus apiculatus、火力楠Michelia macclurel、枫香Liquidambar formosana、盆架子Alstonia scholarisv等为主的针阔混交林(简称P2样地),以及米老排、红锥Castanopsis hystrix、格木Erythrophleum fordii等为主的阔叶混交林(简称P3样地)调查并记录各林分样地内灌木和草本的种类、盖度、株数及平均高度,运用多样性及均匀度等指标分析不同林分类型的林下植物的物种多样性。在各个样地分别用100 cm3环刀采集0~20 cm土层的土样,测定土壤含水量、土壤容重等物理性质。【结果】各林分灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数的平均值小于草本层,但是灌木层的均匀度指数的平均值大于草本层;各样地草本层生长状况优于灌木层;P1样地的灌木及草本植物种类、数量均多于P2、P3样地;3种林分中,P1样地的土壤容重最大,P2样地的土壤容重最小;土壤总孔隙度、自然含水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度指标均表现为P2样地P3样地P1样地。【结论】混交林的群落结构较纯林合理且对土壤质量的改良效果更好。     

Tree Diversity,Carbon Storage,and Soil Nutrient in an Old‐Growth Forest at Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

Abstract

The study of plant diversity and its role in ecosystem functioning is becoming a central issue in ecology. The relationships between carbon storage and tree diversity of natural forest at small scale are still unclear. This research investigated these relationships in an old‐growth forest at Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. It was found that at small scale, tree carbon storage generally increases with increasing tree species richness, but for stands with same species richness, tree carbon storage varies dramatically. At the small scale, tree species evenness has a significantly linear relationship with nature logarithm of total tree carbon storage. The stand carbon storage of trees is mainly controlled by stand tree composition. Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, and Acer mono contribute more than 85% of stand carbon storage of trees. Stands with similar tree composition at small scale have different soil organic carbon storage and nutrient contents. Tree species evenness has great impact on soil N content at the soil horizon less than 30 cm deep, but its impacts on C/N, P, K, and S contents are small. Tree density has a negative linear relationship with soil organic C and C∶N ratio at the soil horizon is less than 30 cm deep. The implication of our findings here for carbon sequestration in the Kyoto Protocol is also discussed.