Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及效果分析

为探究同期排卵处理母牛体温和活动量变化规律及不同同期排卵技术处理效果，指导同期排卵技术优化。本研究自动监测了18头20月龄左右同期排卵（GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛和17头产后40~60 d预同期排卵（PG-PG-GnRH-PG-GnRH）处理荷斯坦母牛的体温和活动量，应用自动检测系统进行母牛发情监测。结果发现，同期排卵处理母牛发情时阴道温度平均升高（0.43±0.20）℃，持续（12.37±2.73）h；活动量平均升高（18.28±18.61）倍，持续（11.00±1.68）h；排卵时阴道温度平均下降（0.20±0.10）℃，持续（11.00±1.68）h。自动化发情监测显示，同期排卵处理母牛7头发情并排卵；预同期排卵母牛GnRH处理前全部发情排卵。两种同期排卵处理，虽可改变母牛性周期进程，促进母牛性周期同步化，但均难以使母牛性周期完全同步。因此，将同期排卵-定时输精和发情鉴定技术科学结合才能取得更好的繁殖效果。     

An evaluation of the Olsen test as a measure of plant-available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material

Abstract. Anecdotal and circumstantial evidence have suggested that the Olsen test underestimates plant-available phosphorus (P) in basaltic soils in Northern Ireland. Therefore, the ability of this test to predict plant-available P in basaltic (and non-basaltic) soils was investigated by regressing Olsen-P data against herbage P indices calculated from plant tissue test data using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. The average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on basaltic soils was considerably lower than the average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on non-basaltic soils, and yet mean sward P status, as given by the herbage P indices, was similar for both groups of fields. Herbage P indices were also much better correlated with Olsen-P measurements in non-basaltic soils than in basaltic soils. Furthermore, at low Olsen-P values (≶9mgPL⁻¹) some swards on basaltic soils were genuinely deficient in P, while others were sufficient or even in surplus for this nutrient. The results confirm that Olsen-P is inadequate as a predictor of plant-available P in basaltic soils. It is concluded that an alternative soil test is needed to provide a reliable assessment of plant-available P in basaltic soils, to prevent overuse of fertilizer and manure P and to minimize the amounts of P entering local watercourses.     

CIDR PMSG FSH联合处理不同品种绵羊效果的研究

CIDR、PMSG、FSH联合使用对初产供体羊Borderdale(波德代)3♂15♀、Poll Dorset(无角陶赛特)5♂18♀和Ger-man Mutton Merino(德国肉毛兼用美利奴—德美)3♂15♀进行同期发情和超数排卵。同期化发情波德代、无角陶赛特和德美分别为100.00%、88.89%和93.33%,羊只同期化发情时间经历和各时间点分布3个品种各有特点。超数排卵效果品种间存在差异,波德代、无角陶赛特、德美分别为6.60±2.97(枚)、3.63±2.25(枚)、5.50±3.32(枚),波德代极显著地高于无角陶赛特(P<0.01)。超排有效率波德代、无角陶赛特、德美分别为100.00%、87.50%、92.86%。未受精卵波德代极显著地高于德美羊和无角陶赛特羊(P<0.01)。胚胎总数德美羊极显著地高于波德代(P<0.01)。有效胚胎波德代羊、无角陶赛特羊、德美羊分别为2.40±2.31、2.75±2.05、4.07±3.79,德美极显著地高于波德代(P<0.01)。同一方法进行同期化发情,羊只经历时间和各时间点均衡分布能否有效控制是同期发情的焦点问题,是有效胚胎数目差异的主导因素之一。     

弓形虫P30基因及其功能

弓形虫 P30基因所编码的蛋白为弓形虫主要表面抗原 SAG1 ,其约占速殖子总蛋白量的 5 %,SAG1对虫体侵入宿主细胞及其毒力具重要性 ,并有高度免疫原性和免疫保护性 ,被用于弓形虫疫苗的研制和弓形虫感染的分子诊断     

奶牛冷冻胚胎规模化移植效果研究

为了提高奶牛良种化程度,对奶牛冷冻胚胎的规模化移植效果进行了研究。结果表明:PG二次肌注法的发情率显著高于(P<0.05)PG一次肌注法,两种方法的发情同期率均超过85%,受体牛发情时间多集中在肌注PG后48～72h;胚胎解冻后的复苏率达到82.58%,且早期囊胚与囊胚的复苏率要高于桑椹胚(P>0.05);共移植受体牛218头,受胎97头,受胎率为44.5%,且春、秋季的移植效果差异不显著(P>0.05)。为奶牛冻胚的规模化移植研究提供了参考依据。     

Genetic Engineering Approaches to Pig Production*

Modern biotechnology promises a number of new applications in animal breeding and production. Although conventional pig breeding has achieved a high level of efficiency and productivity numerous problems have been encountered with animal health and the loss of meat quality. Selection based on phenotypic performance data of individual animals does not take into account the importance of specific genes and their relevance within a complex regulatory system. In most cases it is therefore difficult to trace back the genetic origins of clinically important disorders. The application of genetic engineering techniques in pig production will facilitate diagnosis, improvement of productivity, and animal health by allowing direct genetic manipulation. Attention must be focussed on the physical and genetic analysis of the procine genome. The isolation and characterisation of genes, DNA-markers, polymorphic DNA-fragments, and their chromosomal assignment will be important prerequisites and tools for the elucidation of genetic disorders. Especially the detection of heterozygous carriers of recessive disorders and their elimination from the breeding stock will increase selection accuracy and decrease the generation intervals. But also the rapid and simple detection of infectious diseases, which is sometimes difficult if not impossible at present, will improve animal health and welfare. Although the production of transgenic animals either by DNA-microinjection into zygotes or the use of embryonal stem cells manipulated in vitro is less straightforward than DNA-based diagnosis it will play an important role in the direct manipulation of the porcine genome and genes. Breeding programmes including the use of transgenic livestock have already been developed. There is no doubt that genetic engineering has reached a degree of practical feasibility, allowing it to play an important role in pig breeding in particular and animal production in general.     

国内雏鸭病毒性肝炎的研究进展

本文就国内雏鸭病毒性肝炎的病原特性、疾病诊断和防制等做一简要综述并提出了该病今后的研究方向。     

D-Dimer Improves the Prognostic Value of Combined Clinical and Laboratory Data in Equine Gastrointestinal Colic

The discriminating ability of 15 parameters alone or in combinations, including results from analysis of plasma endotoxin, the Nycomed plasma D-Dimer test and phospholipase A₂, were analyzed to predict morbidity and mortality in equine gastrointestinal colic. Endotoxaemia was a characteristic feature of the colic horses. The problem of adequately predicting non-survivors among colic horses required several parameters to be included in the logistic model: if the “classical parameters”, (heart rate, respiratory rate, PCV, anion gap) were included in the model, addition of plasma D-dimer, phospholipase A₂, and Cl^- significantly improved the predictive value of the logistic model. Increasing heart rate and D-dimer together with decreasing chloride was a risk factor for nonsurvival. The sensitivity of this three-parameter logistic model to predict nonsurvival was 78% and specificity 77%. The Nycomed D-Dimer test is recommended as a horse-site test to predict disseminated intravascular coagulation and nonsurvival in equine colic.     

Chylous effusions revisited

Varying terms and criteria have been used in the veterinary literature to characterize milky opaque pleural effusions through the years. This article addresses ideas widely repeated in the veterinary and human literature upon which time, experience, diagnostic techniques, experimental data, and improved understanding of pathogenesis have cast doubt. Topics discussed include terminology, pathogenesis of chylous and pseudochylous effusions, criteria for differentiation of chylous from pseudochylous effusions, and clinicopathologic changes associated with drainage of chylous effusions.