Cataract phacofragmentation in horses

Cataract surgeries were carried out in fifty-one eyes of 36 horses over a 15-year period. Cataracts were removed using phacofragmentation and aspiration. Useful vision was restored after surgery in 30 horses. One year after surgery 16 of the 19 horses for which follow up information was available were still visual with several still being used as working horses. At 5-6 years after surgery three horses were still visual. The most frequent intraoperative complication was tearing of the posterior lens capsule. The most frequent postoperative problem was superficial corneal ulceration. Four eyes in three horses developed postoperative infectious endophthalmitis resulting in blindness.     

Endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis in a dog with candiduria and Evans syndrome

This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, histologic lesions, and outcome of endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis secondary to candiduria in a three‐year‐old female spayed Dachshund. The dog was being treated for Evans syndrome for one month prior to being diagnosed with candiduria and fibrinous uveitis OS. The left eye was enucleated due to secondary glaucoma, and the fungal urinary tract infection was treated successfully. Uveitis developed in the contralateral eye with relapse of the urinary tract infection in the following weeks. The right eye was medically managed until secondary glaucoma developed and was subsequently enucleated. Histopathology of both eyes showed evidence of endophthalmitis with intralesional fungal organisms, consistent with Candida spp. Ocular candidiasis is rare in dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis with concurrent candiduria in a dog.     

Microbial contamination of the anterior chamber during cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in dogs

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of intraoperative contamination of the anterior chamber with viable microorganisms during cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, and to evaluate the relationship of contaminant microorganisms to patients' extraocular and nasal cavity floras. Also, the impact of various aspects of the patient history and phacoemulsification procedure on the incidence of positive postoperative anterior chamber cultures was investigated. Twenty-two eyes from 13 dogs presented for elective cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation were studied. Preoperatively, microbiologic samples of the conjunctiva, eyelid margins, nares, and rostral nasal cavity were collected. Postoperatively, anterior chamber fluid was aspirated. Samples were submitted for aerobic/anaerobic bacteriologic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility, Mycoplasma culture, and fungal culture. Anterior chamber aspirates collected at the conclusion of surgery were culture positive for at least one organism in 22.7% of eyes. Three aerobic bacteria and three fungi were isolated from the anterior chamber aspirates. Two fungi and one bacterium isolated from the anterior chamber were typed identically, and the bacterium had a similar antibiogram to organisms recovered from the patient's conjunctiva and eyelid margin. No statistically significant difference in contamination frequency was found for the investigated patient and surgical variables. We conclude that intraoperative contamination of the anterior chamber with viable bacterial and fungal organisms is a common occurrence in canine patients undergoing cataract phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, and the external ocular flora is a likely source of some of these contaminating microorganisms. This contamination is independent of the patient and surgical variables investigated.     

Mycotic endophthalmitis in a dog caused by Candida albicans

A case of mycotic endophthalmitis in the dog caused by Candida albicans is presented. The 3-year-old dog had a history of bloody diarrhea 3 months previously. The dog presented with acute signs of unilateral panuveitis. Aqueocentesis, vitreocentesis, and routine blood tests were performed but did not contribute to the diagnosis. The posterior segment could not be visualized because of flare and fibrin. On day 7 ultrasonography showed retinal separation which progressed to vitreous compartmentalization and abscessation by day 14. Three weeks after onset, glaucoma developed and enucleation was performed. Histology revealed the yeast Candida to be the causative agent. Post-enucleation serum Candida antibody titer was 1 : 640 (human threshold 1 : 120), as determined by agglutination test. A relapse of enteric signs 3 months later led to the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic enteritis. An hematogenous route of infection is suspected.     

Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin aqueous humor concentrations after topical administration in dogs undergoing cataract surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine if preoperative topical administration of ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin results in aqueous humor drug concentrations that exceed the MIC(90) of common ocular contaminants in dogs undergoing cataract surgery. PROCEDURES: Twelve dogs were treated with topical 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 13 dogs with topical 0.3% ofloxacin once the night before surgery, and then with 1 drop of ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin every 15 min for 2 h immediately before surgery. Aqueous humor samples were taken from each eye immediately before the incision was made and frozen at -70 degrees C. First eye samples (S1) were taken closer to the time of topical treatments than second eye samples (S2). Samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Clinical Pharmacology laboratory. RESULTS: In ciprofloxacin patients, S1 concentrations were 0.03-0.69 (0.17 median) microg/mL, and S2 concentrations were 0.09-0.95 (0.36 median) microg/mL. Aqueous humor concentrations did not exceed the MIC90 of Streptococcus sp. Few eyes (1/12 OU) exceeded the MIC90 for Staphylococcus sp. or Corynebacterium sp.; moderate numbers (5/12 S1; 8/12 S2) exceeded the MIC90 for E. coli. In ofloxacin patients, S1 concentrations were 0.48-2.81 (1.05 median) microg/mL, and S2 concentrations were 0.45-3.63 (1.30 median) microg/mL. Although few eyes (相似文献   

Ophthalmic findings in a septic calf with the concurrent exhibition of meningitis and endophthalmitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of ophthalmic findings obtained from both macroscopic examination and ocular ultrasonography when diagnosing bovine endophthalmitis. A newborn crossbreed (Japanese black and Holstein breeds) calf was suspected of visual impairment and central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, such as decreased activity and weak drinking performance. This calf was found to display macroscopic signs, such as clouded lens, convergent strabismus, and horizontal nystagmus, in both eyes. On ocular ultrasonography of both eyes, a V-shaped, thickened, hyperechoic structure was present in the anechoic vitreous humors, indicating retinal detachment. The animal died 4 days after the examination. Sepsis was evident in this case, as Escherichia coli was isolated from multiple organs. The autopsy and histological examination revealed meningitis, encephalitis, and secondary hydrocephalus in the CNS, and endophthalmitis and retinal detachment in both eyes. In this case, the ophthalmic findings did not provide definitive evidence for a diagnosis of endophthalmitis. However, this study indicated that retinal detachment might be an ultrasonographic finding that is suggestive of bovine endophthalmitis.     

Uveitis associated with septic peritonitis in a cat

Objective – To report a case of bilateral uveitis believed to be a consequence of septic peritonitis in a 19‐month‐old cat. Case Summary – Bilateral anterior uveitis with suspicion of extension to the posterior segment was documented in a previously healthy young cat during hospitalization for severe septic peritonitis. Based on medical history and other findings uveitis was believed to result from concurrent abdominal sepsis, due either to metastatic seeding of bacterial organisms or to effects of bacterial toxins and inflammatory mediators on the blood‐aqueous barrier. The cat was surgically and medically managed, and made a full recovery with respect to both his ocular and his abdominal disease. New or Unique Information Provided – Ocular complications secondary to systemic sepsis are well documented in people but seldom reported in the veterinary literature. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of uveitis linked to septic peritonitis in any veterinary species and the first to report sepsis‐related uveitis in a cat. Ocular inflammatory disease in the context of critical illness deserves attention as a potential significant source of morbidity. The development of ocular inflammatory disease may serve as a sentinel lesion for systemic sepsis and other life‐threatening conditions.     

Brucella canis endophthalmitis in 3 dogs: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment

Objective  To describe historical, clinical and diagnostic features of dogs with Brucella canis endophthalmitis and the response to medical therapy.
Animals studied  Three dogs with naturally acquired B. canis endophthalmitis.
Procedure  Dogs were treated symptomatically with topical ophthalmic anti-inflammatories and a novel antimicrobial protocol that included doxycycline, enrofloxacin, rifampin and streptomycin.
Results  All dogs presented with chronic or recurrent uveitis in the absence of overt systemic disease. Clinical ophthalmologic abnormalities were unilateral in each dog and included mild-to-moderate anterior uveitis, iris hyperpigmentation, marked vitreal infiltrates, and multifocal chorioretinitis. Dogs were diagnosed with canine brucellosis serologically and by blood culture ( n  = 2 dogs) or polymerase chain reaction of aqueous humor and blood ( n  = 1 dog). Active ocular inflammation resolved in all dogs during treatment, with preservation of vision in 2 dogs. Following treatment, B. canis could not be cultured from blood samples and serological values declined with seronegativity achieved in all dogs after a median of 96 weeks (range: 36–112 weeks) of therapy.
Conclusions  Brucella canis infection should be included in the differential diagnosis for dogs with intraocular inflammation, regardless of previous history or neuter status. This is the first report of apparently successful medical therapy of canine brucellosis with ocular involvement.     

Lens-induced uveitis

Lens-induced uveitis has been described in humans and many animal species. Traumatic rupture of the lens capsule may result in vision-threatening intraocular inflammation that is poorly responsive to medical management. Phthisis bulbi, persistent uveitis or glaucoma often occurs in these eyes. Surgical removal of the lens material is generally indicated shortly after the injury in an effort to preserve vision. Leaking of lens proteins through an intact lens capsule may result in a lympho-plasmacytic anterior uveitis. This is most commonly associated with the presence of a hypermature cataract. The presence of lens-induced uveitis prior to cataract surgery significantly reduces the success rate of cataract surgery. Small amounts of circulating lens proteins maintain a normal T-cell tolerance for lens proteins. Lens-induced uveitis develops when a breakdown occurs of this normal T-cell tolerance. Immune complexes play an important role in the tissue damage associated with the ensuing inflammation. Other factors associated with the tissue damage include hydroxyl radicals, nitroxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide and arachidonic acid metabolites. Treatment consists of topical and systemic anti-inflammatory medications, mydriatic agents, and glaucoma medications when indicated. Experimental pharmacological agents include dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors, interleukin-1 blockers, antioxidants and hydroxyl radical scavengers.