咖啡湿法发酵中使用果胶酶对脱胶时间与杯品质量的影响

以云南阿拉比卡咖啡为原料,在咖啡湿法发酵环节中加入Pectinex Ultra SP-L果胶酶进行脱胶,并对加工出的咖啡豆进行理化及感官分析。结果表明：与自然发酵脱胶相比,果胶酶脱胶能缩短脱胶时间,有效快速脱除咖啡果胶。其脱胶时间与果胶酶的浓度、脱胶温度、鲜果成熟度呈正相关。与自然发酵脱胶相比,果胶酶脱胶所得咖啡豆的内含物质无显著差异,杯品质量干净稳定。就咖啡豆的杯品质量而言,0.01%果胶酶添加量脱胶处理要高于自然发酵脱胶,而添加量为1.00%、0.10%果胶酶脱胶处理略低于自然发酵脱胶。综上所述,果胶酶脱胶能保证咖啡品质的稳定性及提高咖啡加工效率,具有应用前景。     

Estimating reference evapotranspiration with atmometers in a semiarid environment

Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) estimations require accurate measurements of meteorological variables (solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) which are not available in many countries of the world. Alternative approaches are the use of Class A pan evaporimeters and atmometers, which have several advantages compared to meteorological stations: they are simple, inexpensive and provide a visual interpretation of ET₀. The objectives of the study were to compare the evaporation from atmometers (ET_gage) with the evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (ET_0PM) and to evaluate the variability between three modified atmometers of a commercial model. Comparison between daily ET_gage measured by the atmometer and ET_0PM showed a good correlation. However, ET_gage underestimated ET_0PM by approximately 9%. Differences between ET_gage and ET_0PM ranged from −2.4 to 2.2 mm d⁻¹ while the mean bias error was −0.41 mm d⁻¹. Underestimations occurred more frequently on days with low maximum temperatures and high wind speeds. On the contrary, atmometer overestimations occurred on days with high maximum temperatures and low wind speeds. Estimates of ET₀ using the atmometer appeared to be more accurate under non-windy conditions and moderate temperatures as well as under windy conditions and high temperatures. Atmometers 2 and 3 overestimated the evaporated water by atmometer 1 with a maximum variability of cumulative water losses of 4.5%. A temperature-based calibration was performed to improve the atmometer accuracy, using maximum temperature as an independent variable, with good results.     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

6种高等真菌醇提物对植物病原菌的抗菌活性研究

[目的]研究海绵胶煤炱菌、条纹炭角菌、瑞克纤孔菌、木蹄层孔菌、红缘拟层孔菌和高木蹄层孔菌的乙醇提取物对植物病原菌的抗菌活性。[方法]采用牛津杯法测试6种高等真菌乙醇提取物对姜瘟病菌、水稻白叶枯病菌、白菜软腐菌及柑橘溃疡病菌的抗细菌活性;采用生长速率法测试6种高等真菌乙醇提取物对油菜菌核病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、棉花枯萎病菌和番茄棉腐病菌的抗真菌活性。[结果]6种高等真菌的乙醇提取物对植物病原细菌具有较好的抑制活性;除海绵胶煤炱菌外,其他5种高等真菌的乙醇提取物均对植物病原真菌具有较好的抑制活性。[结论]6种高等真菌对植物病原菌具有较好的活性,可进一步用于抗菌活性成分分离和生物农药开发研究。     

小鼠子宫内膜细胞炎症模型的建立

用0.25％胰酶-EDTA消化法分离培养小鼠子宫内膜细胞,用细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导子宫内膜细胞炎症,以培养细胞的形态学和传统炎症指标作为炎症发生和发展的判断标准.以不同浓度的LPS作用于细胞,收集不同时段的细胞,用RT-PCR的方法测定细胞中IFN-γmRNA的表达丰度.结果表明,100 ng/mL LPS是体外培养...     

LPS诱导奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞氧化损伤模型的建立

[目的]采用脂多糖(LPS)作为刺激源,建立奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞(BEEC)氧化损伤模型.[方法]体外培养BEEC并进行细胞鉴定,用不同浓度的LPS刺激细胞,在不同时间点用CCK-8法测定细胞存活率,以确定BEEC氧化损伤模型条件.倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,DCFH-DA检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量,比色法检测细胞中的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT).[结果]与空白对照组相比,当LPS浓度为80μg/mL,作用时间为12 h时,造成细胞损伤,其细胞凋亡率、ROS产生量和MDA含量明显高于对照组,SOD和CAT活性显著低于对照组.[结论]建立奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞氧化损伤模型的条件为LPS作用浓度80 μg/mL,作用时间12 h.     

草炭杯容器育苗实验

为提高苗木质量和造林成活率,选用了几种不同容器(草炭杯、塑料杯、蜂窝纸杯、泥土杯),进行了其中以草炭杯为主的对比育苗实验。通过实验调查对比分析,得出结论:草炭杯育苗可以提高苗木质量,增加苗木产量,降低育苗成本。在林业生产建设上具有较高的推广应用价值。     

基于接触摩擦特性的清管器清洁能力评价方法

基于三维有限元数值模拟方法,从密封元件的接触摩擦特性出发,创新性地提出一种清管器清洁能力评价方法。利用ANSYS软件建立两种常见形式的清管器在水平直管内运行的三维有限元模型,并通过现场试验对其准确性进行验证。通过分析计算结果,分别对不同摩擦工况下的两种清管器的清洁能力进行对比。研究结果表明:接触摩擦因数对清管器在运行过程中的密封紧密度、切向刮擦力、有效清洁面积均存在影响,随着摩擦因数的增加,清管器密封元件的切向刮擦力增大,而接触紧密度和接触面积减小。在相同摩擦工况下,当密封元件材料和过盈量相同时,直板型清管器的密封紧密度和刮擦力均优于皮碗型清管器;然而在运行相同距离的情况下,皮碗型清管器所能产生的有效清洁面积大于直板型清管器。根据待清洁管道内的杂质类型来合理选择清管器种类可以有效发挥其清洁能力,提高清洁效率。     

蜂王浆生产新技术的研究--产浆王台中卵孵化率的研究

本文就蜂王产在特种巢脾台基中卵的孵化率和提高卵的孵化率等问题进行了研究,结果表明,(1)蜂王在特种巢脾在台基中产下的卵,无论是滞留在特种巢脾中还是分装到产浆框中,其孵化率都一样;(2)在奖励饲喂的情况下,无论是特种巢脾上台基中的卵还是产浆框上的,其孵化率均分别极显著高于无奖励饲喂的;(3)采用本探讨技术生产蜂王浆时应将具卵产浆王台滞留在特种巢脾内孵化,并应通过奖励饲喂提高卵的孵化率.