Seasonal pattern of shoot emergence and its endogenous control in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.)

Controlling established horsenettle plants is achieved by suppressing shoot emergence from root systems. The seasonal pattern of shoot emergence and its possible endogenous control in horsenettle ( Solanum carolinense L.) were investigated. The shoot emergence period in an undisturbed population was limited to a seven-week period from mid-April, and a little longer in tilled conditions. Detached roots showed very high shoot-sprouting ability under 15–30°C throughout the year. In shoot clipping experiments, new shoots sprouted only from the stem and not from the root when attached to shoots, whether above-ground or underground. On the contrary, new shoots sprouted from the roots when all parts of the shoots were clipped off. From these results, the limited shoot emergence period in horsenettle is thought to be initiated by temperatures necessary for sprouting and is ended by a growth correlation effect between early emerged and matured shoots.     

乙烯对匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病反应中AsA-GSH循环及胼胝质沉积的影响

以匍匐翦股颖品种“Penn-A4”为试验材料,侵染立枯丝核菌后,经丁二醇(BDO)诱导产生系统抗性(ISR),喷施不同浓度的乙烯合成抑制剂氯化钴(CoCl₂)和促进剂1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(ACC)后,检测抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环中抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及相关酶活性的变化,并观察匍匐翦股颖ISR反应中胼胝质沉积的变化。结果表明,乙烯抑制剂处理下,匍匐翦股颖幼苗中AsA含量较低,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,大量GSH被催化还原为氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG),GSSG大量积累,同时谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性较低,GSSG经GR少量还原为GSH。乙烯促进剂处理下,AsA含量较高,APX活性升高,GSSG在高活性GR作用下催化还原为GSH,使得GSH大量积累。因此在匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病反应中,高浓度乙烯促进AsA和GSH的大量积累,它们不仅参与了活性氧的代谢平衡,同时也作为信号分子在ISR抗病反应中起着重要作用。匍匐翦股颖感染褐斑病后,胼胝质主要沉积在厚壁细胞、韧皮部、木质部和表皮组织,其中厚壁细胞胼胝质沉积最多,表皮组织沉积最少。此外,胼胝质沉积面积在不同乙烯信号分子处理间存在差异,但随着处理时间的延长差异不显著。一定浓度的乙烯对ISR反应中胼胝质的沉积具有一定的影响,随着处理时间的延长显著增加,在100 μmol·L^-1ACC处理5 d后,胼胝质沉积总面积仅为9.916 mm²,处理10 d后升至最高,为38.396 mm²,但在病害侵染后期,胼胝质数量减少,在100 μmol·L^-1ACC处理15 d后,胼胝质沉积总面积降至20.052 mm²,反映了乙烯信号分子对胼胝质沉积的影响是一种短期效应,短期内可提高匍匐翦股颖植株抗病性,具有信号分子的短时效特点。研究结果为探清匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病响应中ET信号分子如何调控抗病生理特性提供了理论基础。     

玻璃化法超低温保存匍匐翦股颖胚性愈伤组织及其植株再生

采用玻璃化法对匍匐翦股颖愈伤组织进行超低温保存条件及植株再生进行初步研究.结果表明:将继代2次的愈伤组织接种到预培养基上,4℃低温预培养5 d.预培养后的愈伤组织在常温下用装载液过渡10 min,再于0℃下用玻璃化溶液PVS2处理50 min后,加入新鲜的PVS2迅速投入液氮中保存1 h以上,取出后在30℃水浴中解冻,用MS+1.0 mol.L-1蔗糖溶液洗涤3次,每次10 min,细胞存活率可达85.6%,接种在恢复培养基上培养,胚性愈伤组织能正常进行体细胞胚胎发生、成熟和植株再生.     

草坪草茎建植技术及管理

用草坪草茎建植草坪是草坪绿地无性繁殖的重要方法。改草皮铺植为草茎播植,并采用机械收集、加工草茎,贮存草茎,人工撒播,精细管理的方法繁殖草坪。这种方法人工费较少,运输量小,播种简单,繁殖系数高,成坪快,坪用性状好,成本低,值得推广应用。     

Sodium Alginate as an Adjuvant of an Antagonistic Bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain A11RN, to Enhance Biocontrol of Turfgrass Snow Mold Caused by Typhula ishikariensis

Pretreatment with sodium alginate (20 g/m²) prior to application of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A11RN, enhanced the control turfgrass snow mold caused by Typhula ishikariensis biotype B. Disease severities in two fields relative to untreated control plots were 53% and 61% in plots treated with both the strain and sodium alginate, which were significantly lower than 69% and 77% in plots treated only with the strain. The antagonist population remained above the threshold for effective control (ca. 1×10⁷ cfu/cm³) at least for the first month under snow in pretreatment with sodium alginate. The population of the biocontrol agent after snowmelt on turfgrass was five times higher in sodium alginate-amended plots than in unamended plots. Sodium alginate alone did not reduce disease severity. Sodium alginate might have supported the survival of the applied strain. Received 7 June 1999/ Accepted in revised form 20 December 1999     

Growth and ion accumulation responses of four grass species to salinity

Ion inclusion or ion exclusion are the two main strategies developed by plants to tolerate saline environments. Shoot sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and calcium (Ca²⁺) in four perennial grass species (tall wheatgrass, Nuttall's alkaligrass, creeping foxtail, and switchgrass) treated with nutrient solution salinity levels ranging from 2 to 32 dS m^?1 were measured. As the nutrient solution salinity was increased from 2 to 10 dS m^?1, tall wheatgrass, creeping foxtail and Nuttall's alkali grass had increased shoot Na⁺ and decreased Ca²⁺ concentration while maintaining growth suggesting that these species tolerated these changes in shoot ion concentration. In contrast, switchgrass excluded Na⁺ from the shoot and maintained K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations but suffered dramatic shoot dry weight reduction. Thus, the Na⁺ exclusion mechanisms present in switchgrass were less efficient in maintaining growth under the 10 dS m^?1 nutrient solution treatment than the Na⁺ inclusion mechanisms used by the other three species.     

华东地区匍匐翦股颖褐斑病杀菌剂的田间防治效果

采用常规喷雾法,选择室内药剂筛选中抑菌效果较好的7种杀菌剂,对匍匐翦股颖Agrostis stolonif-era果岭草坪褐斑病进行了发病前的预防和发病盛期的治疗2个阶段的田间试验。结果表明:百菌清与克露对匍匐翦股颖褐斑病发病的预防效果最好,田间预防效果可分别高达99.3%和98.5%,腈菌唑、退菌特、金雷多米尔、杀毒矾的预防效果其次,丙环唑的预防效果最差(73.0%);在草坪发病盛期,丙环唑的防治效果最好,3次防治效果均稳定在86%以上,8月21日的防治效果甚至高达95.9%;百菌清的3次防治效果也都稳定在80%以上,显著高于克露、腈菌唑、杀毒矾、金雷多米尔、退菌特等药剂。上述结果表示预防匍匐翦股颖褐斑病的药剂应选择百菌清或克露,但对已发生褐斑病的翦股颖则宜选择丙环唑或百菌清进行治疗。     

白三叶、艹洽草、匍匐翦股颖及狗牙根在北京地区的引种建坪研究

:对 2个白三叶品种、1个 艹洽 草品种、2个翦股颖品种及 1个狗牙根品种的生长特征特性、抗病性、草坪持久性、越冬越夏性等进行了研究 ,并对其建坪特点及成坪质量作了总结 ,对其养护管理制度提出了一些建议。     

2,3-丁二醇诱导下匍匐翦股颖叶片细胞结构变化及抗病相关性分析

由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的褐斑病是匍匐翦股颖草坪最常见的病害之一,2,3-BD(2,3-butanediol)可诱导植物产生抗病反应,提高植物的抗病性。本试验采用250 μmol/L 2,3-BD诱导匍匐翦股颖对褐斑病的抗性,以石蜡切片方法通过显微观察,测定接种立枯丝核菌后匍匐翦股颖叶片细胞显微结构的变化。结果表明,接种病原菌后匍匐翦股颖病情指数第15天达到70.45%,2,3-BD诱导后病情指数显著降低至21.63%。与未诱导接菌处理相比,诱导后匍匐翦股颖叶片细胞结构排列紧密,气腔变小,有较多乳突形成,上、下表皮细胞显著增大,第7天差异最显著,分别是其1.19和1.26倍;叶肉细胞大小于第15天差异最为显著,是其1.30倍;叶绿体数量明显增加,第1、7、15天分别是未诱导接菌处理的1.25、1.20、1.24倍;维管束和导管大小在各时间段均变化不明显,但木质化程度较高,皮层组织加厚。综上所述,250 μmol/L 的2,3-BD能诱导匍匐翦股颖对褐斑病的抗性,并使细胞结构发生变化,其中叶片上、下表皮细胞、叶肉细胞大小和叶绿体数目与抗病性呈正相关性。