Prolonged survival after craniectomy with skull reconstruction and adjuvant definitive radiation therapy in three dogs with multilobular osteochondrosarcoma

Multilobular osteochondrosarcoma is an uncommon canine tumor but presents a treatment challenge when arising on the skull. This retrospective case series study aimed to describe outcome of a multimodality treatment approach involving aggressive surgical resection and adjuvant definitive radiation therapy in a group of dogs with multilobular osteochondrosarcoma of the calvarium. Clinical, imaging, treatment, and outcome data were collected from retrospective review of medical records. Three dogs met inclusion criteria. The presenting clinical complaint was the presence of a mass effect of the skull in all three dogs and concurrent neurologic abnormalities in one dog. Advanced imaging revealed aggressive lytic and proliferative tumors arising from the calvarium in all three dogs. All dogs were treated surgically with a modified craniectomy, repaired with a titanium mesh—polymethyl methacrylate bone cement implant or a low prolife titanium mesh plate and followed by adjuvant definitive radiation therapy with 2.5 Gy per fraction for 22 daily fractions. There were no major immediate surgical complications and radiation was well tolerated overall. Neurologic improvement was seen in the patient that presented with neurologic disease. Survival times from surgery were 387, 422, and 730 days and from the time of radiation were 358, 397, and 677 days. Findings in this sample of three dogs supported the use of aggressive therapy with a combination of surgical craniectomy and cranioplasty utilizing a titanium mesh implant and high dose definitive radiation therapy for local control and prolonged survival times in dogs with multilobular osteochondrosarcoma of the skull.