Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum

Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.     

杂交稻自生苗中类似杂草稻的生物学特性

在自然条件下,种植不同时间籼型杂交稻后改种常规粳稻,对粳稻田中的杂交稻自生苗展开调查,分析杂交稻自生苗中出现类似杂草稻的频率及其生物学性状,测定杂交稻自生苗对粳稻产量的影响.结果表明,在粳稻田中籼型杂交稻自生苗可以转变成类似杂草稻,即存在籼粳亚种间异交产生杂草稻的可能;连续种植杂交稻3年后改种常规粳稻田块的杂交稻自生苗密度最高,对常规粳稻产量的影响最大.     

BN-1禽蛋保鲜液效果试验初报

BN-1禽蛋保鲜液系北京农学院牧医系卫检实验室根据油蜡涂布贮蛋法的原理,配制的一种淡灰色、无味、无毒的禽蛋保鲜液.将它涂布在蛋壳表面,能较好的堵塞气孔、防止细菌侵入,避免禽蛋内水份蒸发.通过在炎热的暑天,室温变动范围25～36℃的条件下,进行贮藏100天的鸡蛋试验,经检测鸡蛋各项质量指标表明,供试的鸡蛋仍保持鲜蛋质量.试验组蛋失重率为2.6%,气室高度为0.50cm蛋黄系数为0.3,哈夫单位为64,而对照组蛋失重率为31.2%,气室高度扩大为3.33cm,蛋黄系数40天后为0.18,哈夫单位40天后为46,50天后已散黄不能再作蛋黄系数和哈夫单位的测定.试验结果证明BN-1为较为理想的一种禽蛋保鲜液.     

瘦身健身运动处方对超重及肥胖大学生锻炼效果的分析

目的：探讨瘦身健身运动处方锻炼对超重、肥胖大学生身体的影响。方法：24名超重、肥胖大学生在课外体育活动中按瘦身健身运动处方坚持锻炼8周(每周3次,每次40min)．测定实验者身体形态指标和机能指标。结果：锻炼后不仅能减轻实验者体重,降低脂肪含量,改善体形和身体成分,还能保持瘦体重．提高身体素质．增强心功能。结论：大学生可以根据自身的体形与体质特点选择有针对性的瘦身健身运动处方进行锻炼。     

水分调控和钝化剂处理对水稻土镉的钝化效应及其机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了水分管理和钝化剂处理对红壤性水稻土重金属镉的钝化效应及其作用机理。结果表明,在土壤镉含量为0．75mg·kg。下,添加海泡石复配磷肥可以显著提高土壤pH值,长期淹水、常规管理水分条件下,土壤交换态cd分别降低了20．4％和15．7％,碳酸盐结合态cd分别下降了15．5％和14．1％,糙米cd分别降低了52．3％和46．O％。未添加钝化剂条件下,长期淹水处理的根表Fe（Ⅱ）含量比常规处理增加了1．2倍,根表cd含量则是常规处理的82．6％。土壤经钝化处理后,长期淹水和常规管理水分条件下,根表Fe（Ⅱ）分别增加了40．1％和70．0％,而根表cd分别降低了35．3％和42．4％。糙米cd含量与根表Fe（Ⅱ）含量呈显著负相关,与根表cd含量呈显著正相关。土壤Fe“和cd“对水稻根表吸附点位的竞争以及土壤镉较低的生物有效性是钝化处理组糙米镉含量下降的主要原因。     

乳过氧化物酶体系对生牛乳的保鲜作用及其营养成分的影响

在试验组生牛乳中添加15 mg／L NaSCN和9μL／L H2O2激活其中固有的乳过氧化物酶体系 (LPS),研究LPS对生牛乳的保鲜作用和各种营养成分的影响。结果表明,在30 C温度条件下,激活的LPS不但可延长生牛乳的保鲜期约4．5 h,而且对乳蛋白、乳脂、非脂乳固体及各种氨基酸的营养成分均没有影响。由此可知在缺乏冷却条件时,利用LPS保鲜生牛乳是一种安全而有效的理想方法。     

模拟增温条件下翻耕免耕农田土壤CH4通量响应

为研究未来气候变暖下我国华北翻耕、免耕农田CH4通量响应,评估该地农田碳汇/源情况,使用远红外辐射增温仪模拟气候变暖,设计翻耕增温(CTW)、翻耕不增温(CTN)、免耕增温(NTW)、免耕不增温(NTN)4个处理。研究表明,2013—2015年小麦-玉米季,增温分别显著提高翻耕、免耕农田10 cm土壤温度1.5℃和1.4℃(P0.05);但对两种耕作农田土壤水分的影响并不显著(P0.05)。各处理土壤CH4通量无明显季节变化,但累积CH4吸收具有显著年际差异。2013—2014年小麦季,CTW和NTW相比CTN和NTN处理,累积CH4吸收分别显著增加35.8%和108.8%(P0.01);但在2014—2015年,CTW处理显著降低17.7%(P0.05)。两年玉米季,处理间累积CH4吸收无显著差异(P0.05)。各处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量与CH4存在显著正相关关系。未来气候变暖条件下,翻耕农田MBC含量减小将可能减缓华北农田CH4吸收。     

Introgression of antioxidant activity into cassava (Manihot esculenta C.): an effective technique for extending fresh storage roots shelf life

Physiological postharvest deterioration (PPD) of cassava is the main constraint affecting its nutritional and economical values. PPD is induced by wounds when detaching storage roots from mother plant during harvesting. It is accelerated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as oxygen ion (O₂) and peroxide (O₂)^?2. The carotenoid content and its antioxidant property can help in extending shelf life of cassava storage roots. The primary mode of action of carotenoids as antioxidant is to quench singlet oxygen. Cassava breeding was reported to successfully introgress and improve carotenoid content into cassava. The two types of phytoene synthase (PSY) enzymes (PSY1 and PSY2) are key regulators of carotenoids accumulation in cassava. Carotenoids formation and accumulation in cassava storage roots are induced by a single nucleotide polymorphism in PSY2 which causes a non‐conservative amino acid exchange. This single nucleotide polymorphism in PSY gene is co‐segregated with β‐carotene in cassava storage roots, a phenomenon that could help to unravel the mechanism of introgression of carotenoids into cassava. This article investigates breeding feasibility for improving quality of cassava landraces in developing countries.     

打叶留花对提高烤烟上部叶可用性的影响

为了提高烤烟上部叶的的可用性,在福建中烟"七匹狼"广顺基地单元进行打叶留花对烟叶质量研究。结果表明,打叶留花的上部叶的颜色、油分、色泽和柔软性有明显改善;总糖和还原糖含量分别提高12.51%和14.82%,烟碱降低了26.75%,其他常规化学成分变化较小;酸性香气成分总量增加51.45%,13种酸性香气成分中有9种增加;中性香气成分总量增加2.40%,22种中性香气成分中有12种增加;评吸质量明显改善,与中部叶质量非常接近,具备中部叶质量特征。     

不同栽培方式对大豆产量及构成因子的影响

为了提高大豆产量,试验设置2种配套栽培模式处理,研究45cm窄行密植栽培模式和65cm垄作栽培模式对大豆产量及其构成因子的影响,并对经济效益进行分析。结果表明:垄作栽培下,黑河36的株荚数、株粒数、荚粒数均高于窄行密植栽培模式下的合农60。合农60窄行密植栽培模式产量为3 615kg·hm-2,黑河36垄作栽培模式产量为2 865kg·hm-2,2种栽培模式下产量差异达到极显著水平。窄行密植栽培模式较垄作栽培模式增产750kg·hm-2,增产率达到26.18%,增收效益为3 000元·hm-2。