祁连山水源涵养林综合效能的计量研究

以马克思级差地租理论,建立了祁连山水源涵养林综合效能的评价模型:E=E_d+E_e+E_s;以E与生产投资I的比值为计量水源林的效能指数T,T=E/I。并以祁连山寺大隆森林生态定位研究站实测资料和社会调查数据为计量评价参数,确定其经济评价指标体系和计量系统。结果表明:祁连山水源涵养林综合效能指标为11.93;其中生态效能和社会效能分别是直接经济效能的4.51倍和6.05倍。说明祁连山水源涵养林现行的保护、发展和综合利用的经营方针是正确的。建议河西各受益部门应按水资源效能总收入的0.5％缴作水源林再生产费,以确保国民经济建设的长远发展。     

浅议我国绿色旅游

文章探讨了我国绿色旅游的兴起、内涵、特点和功能等,讨论了绿色旅游、生态旅游、自然旅游的区别与联系,分析了我国绿色旅游的发展现状和对策。     

水土保持是山丘区经济发展的根本出路

水土保持是山丘区经济发展的根本出路肖秧（四川省人民政府，成都６１００００）四川地处长江上游，幅员辽阔，境内高山峻岭，江河纵横，是一个有一亿多人口的农业大省。由于历史原因，森林曾遭严重破坏，加之人口众多，人均耕地数量少，垦殖指数高，水土流失十分严重。遥...     

The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand is a planned city on a coastal plain on the east coast of the South Island. The birth of the city and the subsequent century of development was characterised by colonial values and tree and garden planting with familiar European species along with those from Australia, North America, and eventually all other continents. The image of an “English garden city” with classical parks of oaks and willow-lined rivers became the accepted norm and the way in which the city has been promoted to potential tourists. Gardening is one of the top two recreational activities and exotic species greatly outnumber native species in the flora and in gardens. This has had serious consequences for the highly fragmented and degraded indigenous vegetation and its co-adapted wildlife. A few hardy indigenous species continued to regenerate through this period, but since the 1970s, there has been a progressive change of attitude and interest in reclaiming the natural heritage of the city, manifest in widespread private and public planting of indigenous species and active habitat restoration. In this article we examine the indigenous and exotic shrub and tree components of the Christchurch flora as planted street trees, in domestic gardens, and in parks. We also present data on shrub and tree regeneration in parks and domestic gardens in the city. Indications are that the more sensitive, less intrusive management of urban environments, combined with the greater density of indigenous seed sources, has allowed regeneration of a wide range of indigenous species across a broad spectrum of habitats – from neglected gardens to pavement cracks to exotic plantations. This is despite the competition from the prodigious seed banks and density of exotic trees, shrubs, and ground covers and albeit minimal impacts of introduced browsing and seed eating mammals. If the present trends continue through appropriate management and facilitation, these tentative signs of native forest regeneration should eventually proliferate into a sustainable mixed origin urban forest that resurrects and preserves the natural character of the region.     

中国硬叶兜兰主要分布区居群表型多样性分析

研究基于硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum micranthum)表型变异,通过相关性、主成分以及聚类等分析,对9个硬叶兜兰野生居群的22个表型性状指标进行了调查研究,探究硬叶兜兰居群间及居群内表型多样性,为硬叶兜兰资源的进一步保护和利用奠定基础。结果表明:硬叶兜兰在居群间具有丰富的表型多样性,居群内变异较少。平均表型分化系数(Vst)为64%,居群间表型分化高于居群内表型分化。22个性状的平均变异系数(CV)范围为9.52%～31.48%,9个居群平均变异系数为14.55%～18.51%,在表型间差异显著,在居群间差异不显著。主成分分析表明,花纵径等花部性状和株高等营养性状是硬叶兜兰变异的主要因素。Pearson相关性分析表明,株高、中萼片长和花瓣长与大部分性状都呈现显著正相关;冠幅、叶片数等营养性状与海拔存在显著正相关性,而花横径、花纵径等生殖性状与海拔存在显著或极显著负相关性。聚类分析结果表明,9个居群可以聚类为3个类群,和硬叶兜兰地理分布距离一致。     

区域LUCC的土壤侵蚀响应研究——以榆林市为例

借助3S技术,采用美国通用的水土流失方程(USLE),对榆林市1987,1999年和2002年的土壤水力侵蚀、生态系统土壤保持情况进行测算,在此基础上,基于G IS平台按不同区域对测算结果进行汇总。研究表明:单位面积各类生态系统保土功能排序是园地>林地>灌木林地>草地。降雨的年际变化和地形的空间差异是单位面积生态系统土壤保持量年际变化和空间差异的主导因素。1987,1999,2002年全市各类生态系统土壤保持总量分别是2.22×108t,1.96×108t和2.07×108t。研究期间(1987-2002年),全市生态系统土壤保持效率不断提高,但存在空间差异:1987,1999年南6县生态系统土壤保持总量、保持效率显著高于北6县,而2002年北6县略高于南6县;且整个研究期间北6县生态系统土壤保持效率提高显著,而南6县变化小且2002年略有下降;相对于北6县而言,南6县实际对进一步提高土壤保持效率的制约较大。     

不同耕作措施下旱地春小麦田和豌豆田的蒸发蒸腾特性及产量效应

为探明土壤水对旱地作物产量形成的有效性,通过田间定位试验研究了不同耕作措施下旱地农田蒸发蒸腾特性及产量效应。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)能够增加作物生长期间总蒸散量(ET),麦-豆和豆-麦两种轮作序列下春小麦田和豌豆田的总蒸散量均表现为免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)>传统耕作(T)>免耕(NT)>传统耕作加秸秆覆盖(TS)。传统耕作土壤棵间蒸发量(E)均高于保护性耕作,春小麦田的土壤棵间蒸发量表现为TS>T>NT>NTS,棵间蒸发量占总蒸散量的比率(E/ET)依次为53.8%,48.8%,37.2%,34.9%;豌豆田棵间蒸发量表现为T>TS>NTS>NT,棵间蒸发量占总蒸散量的比率依次为44.1%,40.9%,35.1%,33.3%。蒸散量及腾发比与产量和WUE在其主要受影响的月份呈正相关关系,且产量与WUE随蒸散量与腾发比的增加而增加。     

黄土高原森林草原区退耕还林还草土壤保持效应评估

黄土高原地处生态过渡带和环境脆弱区,区内大范围的土壤侵蚀严重影响了当地的生态环境。以黄土高原森林草原区为研究对象,应用修正通用土壤流失方程,根据2000、2005、2010年气象数据及土地利用等数据,从不同坡度、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型评估了黄土高原森林草原区退耕还林还草工程的土壤保持效应。结果表明,(1)随着退耕还林还草工程的实施,林地和草地面积明显增加,分别增加2 219.41 km~2、2 205.27 km~2,研究区植被覆盖度逐渐改善。(2)2000—2010年土壤保持量增加2.41亿t,单位面积土壤保持量由3 033.15 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)增加至5 114.86 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),土壤保持效应显著提升。(3)研究区土壤保持效应与植被覆盖度呈正相关关系,在不同土地利用类型中,林地、草地和耕地具有较高的土壤保持效应,单位面积土壤保持量分别为5 405.57、3 598.41、3 078.81 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)。退耕还林还草工程的实施提升了区域的土壤保持效应,但是,区内东北部由于矿产资源开采导致的植被破坏、地表塌陷以及土壤侵蚀问题亟待解决。     

Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in mango production

We interviewed half of the mango-growers in northern Benin, including 15 farmers involved in a regional fruit fly project, and held focus group discussions with women fruit-pickers. They were asked about pest management and their knowledge of a weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda. All considered low yields due to fruit flies to be the principal constraint upon mango production, estimating economic losses to be between 20 and 45%. None could recognize damage during the first 2 days after fruit fly egg deposition. On-farm research persuaded farmers to stop using insecticides and it also changed negative perceptions of Oecophylla. Over 80% of the farmers involved in on-farm research, compared to 25% of those not involved, reported Oecophylla to be beneficial. All fruit-pickers knew that ants protected mango from fruit flies, with 60% attributing better mango quality in terms of appearance, shelf-life and sweetness to the presence of Oecophylla. Nevertheless, 40% of the pickers still considered weaver ants a nuisance pest during harvest. Ways of reducing this nuisance need to be developed for Oecophylla to gain wider acceptance by mango-growers.     

土地利用变化与生态服务功能冲突——以安塞县为例

安塞县位于黄土丘陵沟壑区,经济落后,农业生产水平较低.从土地利用和生态服务功能变化与冲突的角度,分析安塞县农业、环境与生态保护的变化过程与相互作用,指出安塞土地利用变化突出表现为坡地耕垦所引发的土地利用结构的改变;生态服务功能的冲突则主要表现为食物生产与水土保持之间的矛盾.通过资源的有效利用,在实现食物安全的同时,水土流失得到有效控制是完全可能的.