兰州百合同源四倍体诱导及其基因组大小估算

兰州百合(2n=2x=24)是重要的“药食同源”植物,进行其种质创新和基因组大小分析对于丰富其种质资源和生物学信息具有重要意义。以兰州百合的种子和试管小鳞茎为试验材料,通过秋水仙素浸泡诱导染色体加倍,经流式细胞仪倍性检测获得的同源四倍体植株分别有10和4株,四倍体诱导率分别为21.11%和33.27%。为了估算兰州百合基因组大小,以小麦品种“中国春”为内标,通过流式细胞仪测算兰州百合二倍体和四倍体植株中的DNA含量,得出兰州百合基因组为64.9 Gbp,是“中国春”核基因组的4倍。     

山丹新麦草染色体加倍方法研究

本研究以山丹新麦草为材料,通过秋水仙素处理萌动种子、胚芽、二倍体植株幼苗染色体加倍研究,探讨了不同诱变材料的适宜处理浓度和时间,从而比较出最适宜的染色体加倍方法。结果显示：最好的加倍方法是用0．1％的秋水仙素溶液处理二倍体幼苗24h诱变率最高,为62．5％。     

Regeneration of fertile doubled haploid plants from colchicine-supplemented media in wheat anther culture

The effect of colchicine added to induction medium for the production of fertile doubled haploid plants after in‐vitro anther culture was studied in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. For this, one winter and two spring wheat varieties were used. Anther cultures of the three genotypes were treated with 0.03% colchicine for 3 days at the beginning of microspore induction. Colchicine had no significant effect on anther response and embryoid production of the genotypes examined. However, in the winter wheat genotype ‘Mv Szigma’, colchicine caused a significant reduction in microspore‐derived structures. A significant decrease was also observed in plant regeneration ability of two genotypes (‘Vergina’ and ‘Acheloos’) after colchicine treatment. In addition, a significant reduction of the albinos produced was observed in all genotypes after olchicine treatment. In contrast, the regenerants obtained from the colchicine‐supplemented induction media produced significantly higher percentages of fertile plants in all genotypes. However, the level of fertility, was significantly different among the fertile plants obtained. This, together with the observation that in the case of the winter wheat variety the colchicine treatment resulted in 100% completely fertile plants with a high seed‐setting ability indicate that there is space for further improvement of the method when it is applied to spring cultivars. Finally, the increased number of seeds per 100 plated anthers obtained from all three genotypes after colchicine treatment, clearly demonstrates that the addition of colchicine to induction medium was superior to the conventional anther culture method and it could therefore be introduced into wheat breeding programmes.     

Improved techniques for the induction and isolation of polyploids in the genus Fragaria

Summary The sensitivity of Fragaria seedlings to colchicine is dependent on the plant organ that is treated. Complete immersion of seedlings in a 1.5% colchicine solution results in total lethality, whereas the survival rates were more than 75% even at concentrations of 3.0% when only shoot apices were treated. High proportions of polyploids were isolated by treating shoot apices of seedlings with a 2.0% colchicine solution for 24–28 h. The dropper method is preferred to the tube method as it involves a minimum of manipulation and requires simple equipment. A differential response to colchicine was observed within and between different diploid species, diploid and tetraploid hybrids.     

秋水仙素诱导党参四倍体?

以党参（Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.）为诱变材料,用改良秋水仙素涂抹法进行多倍体诱变以获取四倍体,研究了秋水仙素对党参的诱导效果以及变异株的形态学与细胞学变化。本试验利用0.2%秋水仙素琼脂凝胶处理党参幼苗获得了四倍体材料,结果表明党参经秋水仙素诱导后,以处理24h加倍率最高,为34.14%。四倍体植株形态学变异表现为苗期生长受阻,叶片变大变厚,叶形指数变小;花器变大,茎杆加粗,茎节变短;结实率下降而千粒重增加等。党参四倍体植株的细胞学表现为叶下表皮气孔器变大,气孔密度下降,保卫细胞内叶绿体的含量增加;花粉粒变大而花粉育性降低;根尖细胞有丝分裂染色体数目为2n=4x=32,其对照为2n=2x=16。四倍体党参减数分裂染色体行为复杂,同源染色体出现了多种联会方式。     

秋水仙素诱变对桑黄菌丝生长及活性成分的影响

以1.0%纤维素酶和0.5%蜗牛酶不同处理时间的桑黄菌丝为试材,采用0.1%秋水仙素诱变桑黄菌丝研究其诱变下桑黄菌丝再生菌株的生长速率以及多糖、黄酮和三萜等活性成分含量变化,以期获得生长快且活性成分含量高的菌种,以期为桑黄菌株选育、种质资源创新和应用奠定基础。结果表明:秋水仙素诱变后桑黄菌丝再生菌株的生长速率以及多糖、黄酮和三萜等活性成分含量基本呈增加趋势。其中,与对照相比,诱变酶解桑黄菌丝20 min获得的再生菌株20-1生长速率最快,增加了366.67%;三萜和多糖含量最高的再生菌株为10-5,分别增加了1069.73%和281.85%;多酚含量最高的再生菌株为5-1,增加了530.56%;黄酮含量最高的再生菌株为30-1,增加了3771.43%。     

The effect of colchicine on triticale anther-derived plants: Microspore pre-treatment and haploid-plant treatment using a hydroponic recovery system

In cereals, chromosome doubling of microspore-derived haploid plants is a critical step in producing doubled haploid plants. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of incorporation of colchicine in the induction medium for anther culture, and the effect of colchicine on anther culture-derived plants of triticale grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. In the latter case, chromosome doubling of adult sterile plants derived from anther culture of fourteen triticale populations was attempted, where androgenetic plants with non-dehiscent anthers were cloned and subjected to the colchicine treatment, and then grown with the aid of hydroponics. The hydroponic system provided optimal conditions for recovery of the affected haploids from the toxic effects of colchicine treatment and all colchicine-treated plants survived. A topcross-F₁ (TC₁F₁) population with timopheevii cytoplasm produced the highest percentage of plants with seed-set either due to chromosome doubling by colchicine (98%) or spontaneous doubling of chromosome number (15%). Colchicine-treated anthers performed inferior than control in both induction and regeneration phases. One of the key observation of this study was the reversal from reproductive stage back to the vegetative stage which in turn enabled further cloning of haploid plants under hydroponic conditions once they were identified as sterile. The one hundred percent survival rate of in vitro-derived plants, 100% survival rate of colchicine treated haploid plants and the high chromosome doubling success rate (X = 82.3) observed in this study imply that a temperature-controlled greenhouse with an hydroponic system provides an efficient environment for inducing chromosome doubling of haploid plants in cereals. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

秋水仙素处理日本矮紫薇种子变异的初步研究

用0.05％、0.10％、0.15％3种不同浓度秋水仙素和24、48、72 h 3个不同处理时间,对日本矮紫薇种子发芽性状和幼苗生长性状进行研究.结果表明:0.05％、0.10％、0.15％浓度秋水仙素处理日本紫薇种子24、48、72 h,随着秋水仙素浓度的增加和处理时间的延长其种子发芽率、发芽势、出苗率均有降低的现象,0.15％浓度秋水仙素溶液处理的日本矮紫薇种子72 h时出苗率低于10％.随着秋水仙素处理浓度和时间的延长,幼苗生长表现出矮化、根部变短、叶片变厚的趋势.该研究获得了3株矮化的变异植株及2株株型变异的幼苗,对日本矮紫薇突变体产生、筛选及良种选育提供了基础.     

墨兰多倍体的离体诱导和鉴定

以墨兰‘企剑白墨’的根状茎为材料,研究了秋水仙素处理对墨兰根状茎生长和多倍体诱导的影响。结果表明,秋水仙素对根状茎有严重的毒害致死作用,在试验浓度和时间范围内,随着秋水仙素浓度的升高或处理时间的延长,根状茎存活率明显降低。秋水仙素能诱导‘企剑白墨’根状茎的染色体加倍,但不同浓度和时间处理的染色体加倍效率不一样。只在0.01%×3 d处理下诱导出四倍体,诱导率为11.11%,其余处理诱导出二、四混倍体,诱导率在0～19.44%之间。四倍体根状茎比二倍体粗壮,顶端更圆,再生出的四倍体植株株型紧凑,叶片质地变硬,根明显增粗。     

秋水仙素诱导离体培养越橘多倍体研究

试验研究了秋水仙素不同处理方法、浓度和时间对美登、达柔和埃利奥特3个越橘品种试管苗的诱变效果,并采用根尖压片方法和流式细胞仪对诱变材料倍性进行检测。结果表明,采用药剂培养基法处理效果不如茎段浸渍法。经秋水仙素处理的所有品种都发生不同程度的变异,其中达柔用0.1%秋水仙素浸渍24h的处理效果最好,变异率达到22.6%,诱变株系为嵌合体。流式细胞仪测定DNA含量方法与根尖压片方法检测结果一致。