上虞海涂实验农场中心试验区排水系统探讨

上虞市海涂实验农场中心试验区的排水系统，能满足十年一遇的年最大２４ｈ降雨，两天内排出的要求。滨海盐土的地下水位高，农田基本建设除用浅、密的排水沟布置外，还应结合平整土地、发展灌溉以及适用的农、林技术等综合措施，才能达到治盐改土的效果。     

Mangroves as indicators of coastal change

In view of the unique biological characteristics of mangroves, it is interesting to assess the extent to which these ecosystems can be used as indicators of coastal change or sea-level rise. From recent studies of mangrove mortality at several locations (including Guiana, Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, India and Bangladesh), it appears that these coastal ecosystems are so specialized that any minor variation in their hydrological or tidal regimes causes noticeable mortality. Each species of mangrove (but particularly those belonging to the genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Heritiera and Nypa) occurs in ecological conditions that approach its limit of tolerance with regard to salinity of the water and soil, as well as the inundation regime. If the duration of daily immersion were to be modified by tectonic, sedimentological or hydrological events, the species either readjusts to the new conditions or succumbs to unsuitable conditions. Consequently, the use of remote sensing data for mangrove ecosystems offers excellent potential as a tool for monitoring coastal change.     

澳门海岸防护林多树种配置造林效果分析

对澳门凼仔岛海岸山地防护林造林地 (8年生 )进行调查 ,分析了林分保存率、林分生长量、各树种平均胸径、平均树高、林分土壤肥力和林分植被变化情况。认为海岸山地防护林营造多树种阔叶混交林是一种值得研究推广的林分改造模式     

细分外推与模糊预测在近海水质非线性时序处理中的比较分析

近海水质非线性时间序列通常由于采集范围大、时间间隔长带有一定震荡性和模糊性,这使得对其进行分析与预测有一定的难度。本研究中以某近海水质指标磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)、硝酸盐(NO-3-N)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2-N)、铵盐(TNH+4-N)和硅酸盐(Si O2-3-Si)所形成的5种时间序列为例,采用逼近细分模式导出的细分外推法和多参考加权数据的模糊预测法对近海水质时序预测进行了比较分析,并通过图形与误差计算比较了两种方法的异同。结果表明:采用细分外推法预测序列在整体形状上能更好地逼近初始时序,而模糊预测法在整体逼近精度上占有优势。本研究中提出的预测比较方法可为同类问题的预测与模型选取提供参考依据。     

Mapping soil salinity and pH across an estuarine and alluvial plain using electromagnetic and digital elevation model data

Increasing pressures from agriculture and urbanization have resulted in drainage of many floodplains along the eastern Australian coastline, which are underlain by sulphidic sediments, to lower water tables and reduce soil salinity. This leads to oxidation of the sediments with a rapid decline in pH and an increase in salinity. Accurately mapping soil salinity and pH in coastal acid sulphate soil (CASS) landscapes is therefore important. One required map is the extent of highly acidic (i.e. pH < 4.5) areas, so that the application of alkaline amendments (e.g. lime) to neutralize the acid produced can be specifically targeted to the variation in pH. One approach is to use digital soil mapping (DSM) using ancillary information, such as an EM38, digital elevation models (DEM – elevation) and trend surface parameters (east and north). We used an EM38 in the horizontal (EM38h) and vertical (EM38v) modes together with elevation data to develop multiple linear regressions (MLR) for predicting EC_1:5 and pH. For pH, best results were achieved when the EM38 EC_a data were log‐transformed. By comparing MLR models using REML analysis, we found that using all ancillary data was optimal for mapping EC_1:5, whereas the best predictors for pH were north, log‐EM38v and elevation. Using residual maximum likelihood (REML), the final EC_1:5 and pH maps produced were consistent with previously defined soil landscape units, particularly CASS. The DSM approach used is amenable for mapping saline soils and identifying areas requiring the application of lime to manage acidic soil conditions in CASS landscape.     

Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme,Kenya

Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The Essential Procedure of Numerical Simulation for Hydrodynamic in River and Coastal Engineering

Hydrodynamic models have been widely applied to river and coastal engineering projects. Understanding the hydrodynamic process is a prerequisite to modeling the pollution and sediment transport process. Hydrodynamic models of varying degrees of complexity should be selected appropriately according to the object of study, physical properties of the flow domain and hydrodynamic features. The essential procedure of hydrodynamic simulation is described in this paper. The main problems such as selection of model dimension in physical space, choice of variables, boundary conditions, initialization, design of computational grid, model resolution, parameterization of smaller scale fluctuations and sub-grid scale processes, model calibration and verification are investigated.     

Soil texture affects the conversion factor of electrical conductivity from 1:5 soil-water to saturated paste extracts

Electrical conductivity(EC) of soil-water extracts is commonly used to assess soil salinity. However, its conversion to the EC of saturated soil paste extracts(ECe), the standard measure of soil salinity, is currently required for practical applications. Although many regression models can be used to obtain ECe from the EC of soil-water extracts, the application of a site-specific model to different sites is not straightforward due to confounding soil factors such as soil texture. This study was...     

基于GEE的广西北部湾沿海水产养殖池塘遥感提取

沿海水产养殖池塘带来经济效益的同时,也会引起诸多环境问题,了解其空间分布对于海岸带的科学管理和渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。广西北部湾海岸带地形错综复杂,养殖池塘沿岸线散乱分布,导致传统遥感识别方法难以实现高精度提取。针对此问题,该研究提出一种基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）平台和全年Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2时序遥感数据的水产养殖池塘识别方法,结合多阈值分割和面向对象分类提取2019年广西北部湾海岸带的水产养殖池塘。结果表明：1）广西北部湾海岸带养殖池塘面积总计199.3 km2,遍布整个沿岸地区;识别结果总体精度达到0.921,Kappa系数为0.842;2）选取4个典型区域,对比该研究方法提取结果与Google高清影像目视解译结果,在规模化集聚型养殖区域中,识别结果占目视解译的面积比例达到90%以上,在排布密集的小型池塘区域面积占比也能达到80%以上;3）以时序遥感数据作为分类特征值,能够有效排除废弃池塘、水稻田和季节性水域。该方法在大范围复杂环境中仍具有良好性能,显著提高了水产养殖池塘遥感识别的精度,能够为海岸带生态环境的智能监控、养殖区域空间优化提供技术支持。     

九龙江河口养虾塘氧化亚氮排放通量及影响因素

水产养殖生态系统由于其高氮负荷而成为氧化亚氮(N_2O)的潜在释放源,为探究其排放特征,选择福建省九龙江河口养虾塘为研究对象,采用悬浮箱-气相色谱仪法测定其水-气界面N_2O排放通量变化,并结合气象要素和水环境因子分析其主要影响因素。结果表明:九龙江河口养殖塘水-气界面N_2O排放通量的变化范围和均值分别为0.10～0.64μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(0.26±0.07)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均表现为向大气释放N_2O的源。N_2O排放通量随养殖期推迟呈现持续增加,且在白天不同时刻存在显著变化。相关分析表明,N_2O排放通量与养殖水体的温度、溶解性有机碳、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N浓度呈显著正相关,与盐度呈显著负相关。多元回归分析表明,水体盐度和NO_2~--N浓度是影响养虾塘N_2O排放的主要因素。