Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Aethomys (Rodentia: Muridae)

Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Aethomys were examined based on qualitative cranial data for all currently recognized species. A cladistic analysis suggested the presence of three clades: 1) A. bocagei, A. thomasi, A. silindensis, A. kaiseri, and A. nyikae;2) A. chrysophilus, A. ineptus, and A. hindei;3) A. granti, A. namaquensis, and A. stannarius. These phylogenetic groupings are largely inconsistent with previously postulated supraspecific relationships for the genus. Nonetheless, relationships within each clade broadly correspond with some previously suggested evolutionary hypotheses among some members of the genus, the only notable exception being a close affinity between two southern African taxa (A. namaquensis and A. granti) and the geographically disjunct West African endemic, A. stannarius. A phylogram derived from an analysis of anagenetic divergence among taxa supported the widely-held view of a close affinity between A. namaquensis and A. granti that has traditionally led to their inclusion in the subgenus Micaelamys. These results are relatively concordant with recent molecular studies based on microcomplement fixation of albumin, mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and 16S rRNA data, which collectively suggest that the genus Aethomys is paraphyletic. Possible paraphyly is also reflected by a relatively low bootstrap value at the node uniting all ingroup taxa in this study, as well as previous studies on dental morphology, modes of karyotypic change, and gross sperm and bacular morphology, and strongly supports the taxo-nomic elevation of the currently recognized subgenera Micaelamys and Aethomys to full generic rank. Despite the broad correspondence between the morphological and molecular data, homoplasy and low bootstrap support in the present investigation point to the need for a careful consideration of the power and choice of morphological characters in future studies on this and related groups of murine rodents.     

小腹茧蜂亚科系统发育的研究进展

近年来对小腹茧蜂亚科系统发育研究有了相当大的进展．为评价多年来一直使用的Mason分类方法的科学性，各国学者使用了支序分析方法和分子生物学方法进行验证．研究认为Mason（1981）废弃广义绒茧蜂属Apanteles（s．1．）是正确的．使用形态学及雌雄外生殖器方法的研究者基本上证实了小腹茧蜂亚科族级分类单元可以分为两个主要分支，即绒茧蜂族Apantelini＋小腹茧蜂族Microgastrini和拱茧蜂族Fomicini＋盘绒茧蜂族Cotesiini＋侧沟茧蜂族Microplitini，从合意支序图可以看出：小腹茧蜂族和盘绒茧蜂族可能是并系群，其余3个族的单系群可以成立．而使用形态学方法或形态学结合分子生物学方法的研究者不支持Mason的族级分类单元，只同意现已确认的属级分类单元．显然，还需要大量的研究才能明了小腹茧蜂亚科族、属间的亲缘关系．     

急流水螨科、属(亚属)系统发育关系分析

利用Hennig86(Version 1.5)软件,选用17个形态学特征对急流水螨科的3亚科,4属,6亚属进行了支序系统学发育分析.分析结果表明急流水螨科分为2个亚科:龟水螨亚科Testudacarinae和急流水螨亚科Torrentico-linae.龟水螨亚科仅1属,龟水螨属Testudacarus;急流水螨亚科分4属,单曲跗螨属Monatractides、急流水螨属Torrenticola、拟急流水螨属Pseudotorrenticola和新曲水螨属Neoatractides.其中新曲水螨属分为3亚属,新曲水螨亚属Neoatractides、畸曲跗螨亚属Heteratractides和异急流水螨亚属Allotorrenticola.     

赖草属植物的表型分支系统学分析

基于21个形态性状,对34个赖草属类群进行了表型分支分析.经简约分析,得到了70颗同等最大简约分支树,其严格一致树显示:①赖草属在形态上为高水平的分化,在组间及种间均存在着广泛的变异,不支持现有的赖草属分组;②北美的赖草属植物与欧亚大陆赖草属植物亲缘关系较远;③L.duthiei、L.duthiei var.longearistatus和L.coreanus与其他赖草植物的亲缘关系较近,支持将其从猬草组合到赖草属中.鉴于性状状态间存在着较多的平行和逆转进化,同时性状状态间的演化可能平行的、多次的或者是特化的,这样复杂的演化关系很难通过简约化的分支分析来重建,结合细胞学和DNA序列分析很可能是必需的.     

河南叶蝉研究进展

为了对河南叶蝉进行区系分析和系统发育研究。运用支序分析法研究其系统发育,结果表明,河南叶蝉科共209个种,隶属于86个属18个亚科。86个属级阶元在世界动物地理区中,东洋区13个属,比重为15.12%,古北区9个属,比重为10.47%;在中国动物地理区,河南叶蝉209个种级阶元中,华中区50个种,比重为23.92%,华北区28个种,比重为13.40%,华中区、华北区共有种55个,比重为26.32%。选用23个形态学特征,分析了18个亚科间的亲缘关系。     

分支系统学软件PHYLIP系统及其使用

PHYLIP是一个系统发育推断软件。PHYLIP软件由30个程序组成,针对不同的数据,采用不同的程序。本文对PHYLIP软件的输入与输出文件的格式,输入文件的选项,应答选项,建树的策略都作了详细论述。为便于理解。文中给出了丰富的例子阐述PHYLIP软件中的各种概念和使用方法。     

螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群系统发育分析(膜翅目:茧蜂科:小腹茧蜂亚科)

对螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群Cotesia flavipes complex(膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科)分布全世界的5个种和外群螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cruficrus,粘虫盘绒茧蜂Ckariyai,粉蝶盘绒茧蜂eglomerata的24个性状进行比较研究,并运用支序分析的方法探讨螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群5个种种间系统发育关系．支序分析表明,螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群是一单系群,芦螟盘绒茧蜂C．chiloluteelli和汉寿盘绒茧蜂C．hanshouensis亲缘关系靠近,共有同一节点,二者与大螟盘绒茧蜂C．sesamiae构成姐妹群,此姐妹群再与二化螟盘绒茧蜂C．chilonis共有同一最近共同祖先,最后与螟黄足盘绒茧蜂C．tlavipes构成螟黄足盘绒茧蜂复合群单系群．