Caspase非依赖性细胞死亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是一种生理性细胞死亡机制，它是由多基因调控的一种细胞的主动的自杀性过程。一般认为它是由蛋白酶caspases通过两种途径激活的。但是，近年来研究发现除caspases引起的细胞凋亡外，还有caspases非依赖性的细胞死亡形式存在，包括细胞的自我吞噬作用、细胞蛋白酶体的降解和线粒体途径。这些途径无论是在试验的条件下还是在生理或病理的情况下都可以观察到。目前认为凋亡诱导因子(AIF)在caspases非依赖性的细胞死亡中起关键作用。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染细胞凋亡研究进展

细胞凋亡是多种因素调节的细胞主动死亡过程,细胞凋亡的两条主要通路分别是死亡受体介导的凋亡途径和线粒体凋亡途径,但它们共同的凋亡效应物为胱冬酶;理化因素如放射线、紫外线和高温等及生物学因素如基因表达产物、酶和细胞因子等都影响细胞的凋亡。肿瘤坏死因子和胱冬酶在猪圆环病毒2型感染细胞凋亡中起着非常重要的作用;p53诱导环-H2J、un氨基端激酶,NF-κB等均参与细胞凋亡。生产中,可采用猪圆环病毒2型疫苗免疫,干扰RNA的使用和减少应激等措施降低PCV-2感染,抑制细胞凋亡。     

Cytotoxicity of gamma-ray in rat immature hippocampal neurons

This in vitro study evaluated the detrimental effect of acute gamma (γ)-irradiation on rat immature hippocampal neurons. Rat immature hippocampal neurons (0.5 day in vitro) were irradiated with 0~4 Gy γ-rays. Cytotoxicity was analyzed using a lactate dehydrogenase release assay at 24 h after γ-irradiation. Radiation-induced cytotoxicity in immature hippocampal neurons increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatments of pro-apoptotic caspase inhibitors and anti-oxidative substances significantly blocked γ-irradiation-induced cytotoxicity in immature hippocampal neurons. The results suggest that the caspase-dependent cytotoxicity of γ-rays in immature hippocampal cultured neurons may be caused by oxidative stress.     

热应激对鸡胸腺细胞凋亡的影响及其调节机理

18只AA肉鸡于 2 2℃饲养。 30日龄时 ,随机分成 3组 ,分别进行 0 ,5和 10h的 4 1℃高温应激处理。用流式细胞仪检测胸腺细胞DNA含量、细胞凋亡率以及细胞caspase 3和Bcl 2的表达。结果 :应激处理 0 ,5和 10h时 ,(1)DNA合成期 (S期 )细胞比例分别是 2 77% ,3 2 8%和 2 31% ;(2 )胸腺细胞凋亡率分别是 3 99% ,11 15 %和3 31% ;(3)caspase 3表达阳性细胞率分别为 14 2 4 % ,2 7 0 1%和 10 84 % ,Bcl 2表达阳性细胞率分别是 2 0 5 9% ,15 13%和 2 7 92 % ;(4 )应激 5h与 0和 10h的细胞凋亡率、caspase 3和Bcl 2的阳性细胞表达率均有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(5 )应激处理鸡的胸腺细胞凋亡率、caspase 3表达阳性细胞率从 0h到 5h逐渐升高 ,以后又逐渐下降。在高温应激过程中 ,胸腺细胞凋亡率与caspase 3表达阳性细胞率呈平行的变化关系 ,而与Bcl 2表达阳性细胞率呈反向变化关系。这些结果均说明 :高温应激能明显影响胸腺细胞凋亡 ,而这种细胞凋亡的变化受caspase 3和Bcl 2表达的调节。     

Molecular characterization of three caspases from Bostrychus sinensis and their transcriptional responses to bacteria and viruses

The caspase family proteins are aspartate-specific cysteine proteases that transmit extracellular signals to cells, ultimately cause apoptosis and therefore play a key role in cellular immunity. In this study, we cloned and characterized three caspases from Chinese black sleeper (Bostrychus sinensis), Bscasp-1, Bscasp-8 and Bscasp-9. Real-time PCR analysis showed that Bscasp-1, Bscasp-8 and Bscasp-9 were universally expressed in all tested tissues of B. sinensis. Expression analyses showed that after poly(I:C) stimulation and bacterial (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) infection, the three caspases were significantly upregulated. After poly(I:C) stimulation, the change of Bscasp-1 expression in the head kidney was the most obvious; peak expression was about 80.78-fold more than that of the control. In addition, the expression of Bscasp-8 and Bscasp-9 in the peripheral blood and liver was 167.99- and 17.98-fold higher than that in the control group, respectively. After V. parahaemolyticus infection, the expression peaks of Bscasp-1 and Bscasp-8 in the peripheral blood and spleen were 85.82-fold and 280.83-fold that of the control. However, the expression of Bscasp-9 in the peripheral blood was upregulated only 8.33-fold higher than that in the control group. These results indicate that Bscasp-1, Bscasp-8 and Bscasp-9 are likely involved in response to viral and bacterial infection.     

玉米赤霉烯酮对Leydig细胞凋亡及caspase-9、caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

以不同浓度的玉米赤霉烯酮（Zearalenone,zEA）对大鼠睾丸间质细胞（Leydig）细胞进行染毒,采用噻唑蓝比色法观察了ZEA对Leydig细胞活力的影响;流式细胞术分析检测了ZEA对细胞的凋亡率、线粒体膜电位变化的影响;Westernblotting等技术检测了Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、caspase-9、PARP蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,ZEA可明显抑制睾丸Leydig细胞的活力（染毒各组与对照组比较P〈0．05）,40mg／L染毒组相对活力为40．67％;与对照组比较,5、10、20mg／LZEA染毒组睾丸Leydig细胞凋亡率均极显著升高（P〈0．05）,呈明显剂量关系;线粒体膜电位变化测定显示,各染毒组与对照组比,线粒体膜电位均下降（P〈0．05）,且有明显的剂量关系;Westernblotting分析显示,与对照组比较,5、10、20mg／LZEA染毒组Bax、caspase-9、caspase-3、PARP蛋白表达均上调,bel-2蛋白表达均下调。结果表明,ZEA能诱导大鼠睾丸间质细胞发生凋亡,Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-9、caspase-3等基因参与ZEA诱导Leydig细胞凋亡的调控。     

Pathological,ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical changes caused by Lelystad virus in experimentally induced infections of mystery swine disease (synonym: Porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS))

Summary

The pathogenicity and pathogenesis of Lelystad virus was studied in six 6‐day‐old SPF piglets. A third passage of the agent was propagated on porcine alveolar macrophages and intranasally inoculated into pigs. Pigs were killed at hours 24, 48, 60, and 72, and on days 6 and 8 after inoculation. From day 2 on pigs developed diffuse interstitial pneumonia with focal areas of catarrhal pneumonia, and from this day on splenic red pulp macrophages were enlarged and vacuolated. Lelystad virus was re‐isolated from the lungs of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Lelystad virus antigens were detected by immunohistochemical techniques in bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar cells, and in spleen cells of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Ultrastructural examination of tissues by electron microscopy revealed degenerating alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells in lungs and nasal mucosa, with excessive vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Although the respiratory tract seems to be the target organ for this virus, macrophages in other organs, such as the spleen, can also be infected. This preference for macrophages may impair immunological defences.     

Caspase-dependent induction of apoptosis in barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), muscle cells by grouper iridovirus

We recently reported that grouper iridovirus (GIV) can induce apoptosis in barramundi, Lates calcarifer , muscle (BM) and swim bladder (BSB) cell lines. In this paper, we further characterize the molecular mechanism underlying apoptotic death in BM cells triggered by GIV. DNA-laddering and apoptotic cells were observed in BM cells infected with UV-irradiated or untreated GIV but was absent in cells infected with heat-inactivated GIV, indicating the involvement of viral protein in the apoptosis event. In GIV-infected BM cells, the conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3 was evident and the level of caspase-8 and -9 increased as early as 30 min post-infection. When treated with a pancaspase inhibitor, the GIV-induced apoptosis event was abolished. These observations indicate that GIV-induced apoptosis is caspase-dependent, and that both the external and internal routes in the caspase-dependent pathway are likely involved in the apoptosis process.     

Caspases与细胞凋亡

Caspases是一类蛋白裂解酶,在细胞内以无活性的酶原形式存在。Caspases具有半胱氨酸激活位点和底物裂解位点,当作用于胞内特异性底物后将引起细胞凋亡。Caspases的底物特异性由其裂解位点N-端的4个氨基酸残基决定,其底物裂解部位通常位于靶蛋白质一级结构中Asp残基后,数目由一个到多个不等。Caspase酶系作为细胞凋亡的中枢效应器,在细胞凋亡的启动及进程中发挥着极为重要的作用。无活性的caspases酶原主要通过上游caspseses加工机制、邻近诱导机制或偶联调节亚基机制三种方式被激活而引发细胞凋亡。细胞凋亡是细胞生命活动的基本特征之一。本文就引起凋亡的酶系和细胞凋亡的生化机理加以综述。