Research Progress on Resistance of Salmonella Kentucky to Fluoroquinolones and Carbapenems

Salmonella Kentucky is another Salmonella serotype associated with human intestinal diseases following Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis.It is gradually attracting attention because of its strong ability to acquire and spread drug resistance.Among the many subserotypes of this serotype divided according to the sequence of multiple loci,ST198 subserotype has the characteristics of genomic islands that are easy to obtain drug resistance mutations,and has been evolving since the 21st century.In addition,resistance to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems have been acquired and spread worldwide,causing clinically difficult cases and the concern of the World Health Organization.This article summarizes the evolution of Salmonella Kentucky and highlights the resistance status and mechanism of Salmonella Kentucky with regard to fluoroquinolones and carbapenems,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the laboratory control and monitoring system of Salmonella in China.     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型,因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中,ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性,21世纪以来不断进化,除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外,还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球,造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程,着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制,以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

Characterization of NDM-1-producing carbapenemase in Acinetobacter spp. and E. coli isolates from diseased pigs

In recent years, the mobile metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes have been found to correspond to one of the most important resistance characters identified in Gram-negative bacteria, severely affecting clinical chemotherapy and threatening public health. The prevalence of mobile MBL genes and their flanking regions in Gram-negative bacteria from diseased pigs in China was investigated. A total of 334 lung samples from diseased pigs were screened for Gram-negative bacteria classified as non-susceptible to meropenem (MIC≥4 mg·L⁻¹). Six isolates, including three Escherichia coli, two Acinetobacter baumanii and one A. calcoaeticus, exhibited MBL production and carried the bla_NDM-1 gene. S1-PFGE and Southern blot analysis showed that the bla_NDM-1 gene was located on the chromosome of one A. baumanii isolate and on plasmids of various sizes in the other five isolates. MIC testing using broth microdilution revealed that all bla_NDM-1-carrying isolates and some of their transconjugants exhibited resistance to almost all β-lactams tested. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the flanking region of the bla_NDM-1 gene from all porcine isolates had high levels of similarity with the corresponding regions in human isolates. One porcine E. coli isolate carrying bla_NDM-1 was typed as ST48, a common sequence type in human E. coli isolates. These results suggest the possibility of human-to-food animal transfer of bla_NDM-1-producing E. coli, highlighting the need for surveillance of carbapenemase producers among bacteria from food animals. In addition, the prudent use of antimicrobial agents to decrease the opportunities for co-selection of carbapenemase genes in food animals is also urgently needed.     

Low Occurrence of Extended‐Spectrum β‐lactamase‐Producing Escherichia coli in Finnish Food‐Producing Animals

ESBL/AmpC‐producing Escherichia coli is increasingly isolated from humans and animals worldwide. The occurrence of ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was studied in food‐producing animals in Finland, a country with a low and controlled use of antimicrobials in meat production chain. A total of 648 cattle, 531 pig, 495 broiler and 35 turkey faecal samples were collected from four Finnish slaughterhouses to determine the presence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL/AmpC)‐producing E. coli. In addition, 260 broiler and 15 turkey samples were screened for carbapenemase‐producing E. coli. Susceptibility to different class of cephalosporins and meropenem was determined with disc diffusion tests according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Determination of ESBL/AmpC production was performed with a combination disc diffusion test according to the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Plasmidic bla_ESBL/AmpC genes were characterized by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. A collection of isolates producing AmpC enzyme but not carrying plasmidic bla_AmpC was analysed by PCR and sequencing for possible chromosomal ampC promoter area mutations. Altogether ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was recovered from five cattle (0.8%), eight pig (1.5%) and 40 broiler samples (8.1%). No ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was found in turkey samples. Carbapenem resistance was not detected. Altogether ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was found on 4 (2.0%), 3 (4.5%) and 14 (25%) cattle, pig and broiler farms, respectively. From cattle samples 3 (27%) bla_CTX‐M‐1 and from broiler samples 13 (33%) bla_CTX‐M‐1 and 22 (55%) bla_CMY‐2 gene‐carrying isolates were detected. In pigs, no plasmidic bla_ESBL/AmpC gene‐carrying isolates were found. In all analysed isolates, the same mutations in the promoter region of chromosomal ampC were detected. The results showed low occurrence of ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli in Finnish food‐producing animals. In pigs, plasmidic bla_ESBL/AmpC‐carrying E. coli was not detected at all.     

Emergence and multi-lineages of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex from canine and feline origins

The carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic bacterium and frequently causes hospital-acquired infections in humans. It also has increasingly been reported in veterinary medicine. This study illustrates multiple clones of carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii disseminating and causing diseases in dogs and cats in Thailand. Between 2016 and 2020, 44 A. baumannii and two A. pittii isolates exhibiting imipenem resistance (MIC≥16 μg/mL) from diagnostic samples were characterized by Pasteur multilocus sequence typing (MLST), sequence grouping (SG), repetitive extragenic palindromic element (rep)-PCR fingerprint analysis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling. All isolates contained bla_OXA-23 in the Tn2006 family, and A. baumannii showed the sequence type (ST) 16 (14/44), ST149 (12/44), ST25 (6/44), ST2 (4/44), ST1581 (3/44), ST23 (2/44), ST1575 (1/44) and ST1576 (1/44). DNA fingerprint analysis and SG illustrated clonal relationships in the STs and its single locus variants, and AMR gene profiles, including tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance genes, showed minor variations in the clones. The findings suggest that bla_OXA-23 has been spread in multiple clones of A. baumannii and A. pittii from canine and feline hosts. With the collection of multiple AMR genes and intrinsic resistance, antimicrobial options are limited for treatment, and pets can be a potential reservoir of extensively drug-resistant, carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii in the community. Epidemiological tracking by passive and active surveillance in animals, veterinary personnel and hospital environment and preventive measurements should be promoted to decrease the risk of infection and transmission to humans.