Effects of polyline simplification of dynamic GPS data under forest canopy on area and perimeter estimations

The objectives of this study were to determine Global Positioning System (GPS) positional errors while moving under the forest canopy and to clarify the effects of polyline simplification on area and perimeter estimations. We used the Pathfinder Pro XR and GPSMAP 76S, which are categorized as “high-end mapping” and “general navigation” GPS receivers, respectively. The field tests were conducted in both natural and plantation forests. The results showed that the Pathfinder Pro XR, which has better multipath rejection technology, worked well, especially in the plantation forest under unfavorable conditions of higher stand density. We used analysis of variance to clarify the effects of the receiver type, positioning mode, stand type, and polyline simplification method on area and perimeter estimations. The receiver type and positioning mode were found to be significant factors that affected area estimation. The Pathfinder Pro XR estimated the area more accurately than the GPSMAP 76S, and differential GPS estimated the area more accurately than autonomous GPS. With respect to the perimeter, the receiver type, positioning mode, and polyline simplification method were found to be significant factors. The results showed that perimeter estimation was improved by using the velocity filter, and further improved by using the velocity filter and Douglas-Peucker algorithm, especially when the Pathfinder Pro XR was used. The GPSMAP 76S estimated the perimeter accurately without any filtering because its default speed filter worked well, even though the GPSMAP 76S is a general navigation GPS receiver.     

Weed Detection Using Canopy Reflection

For site-specific application of herbicides, automatic detection and evaluation of weeds is desirable. Since reflectance of crop, weeds and soil differs in the visual and near infrared wavelengths, there is potential for using reflection measurements at different wavelengths to distinguish between them. Reflectance spectra of crop and weed canopies were used to evaluate the possibilities of weed detection with reflection measurements in laboratory circumstances. Sugarbeet and maize and 7 weed species were included in the measurements. Classification into crop and weeds was possible in laboratory tests, using a limited number of wavelength band ratios. Crop and weed spectra could be separated with more than 97% correct classification. Field measurements of crop and weed reflection were conducted for testing spectral weed detection. Canopy reflection was measured with a line spectrograph in the wavelength range from 480 to 820 nm (visual to near infrared) with ambient light. The discriminant model uses a limited number of narrow wavelength bands. Over 90% of crop and weed spectra can be identified correctly, when the discriminant model is specific to the prevailing light conditions.     

蜀柏毒蛾卵与初龄幼虫种群株内分布规律的研究

本文对蜀柏毒哦1年2代的卵期与初龄幼虫期在单株上分布规律进行探讨。调查各向各层的种群数量,分析它们与全株数量的相关关系。经方差分析与r值检验,两代卵和初龄幼虫对不同树冠方向的分配比例无显著性差异,而对不同冠层则有极显著性差异,卵集中于中下层,幼虫则集中于上中层;各树冠方向各冠层种群数量与全株数量直线相关极显著。     

中性温度层结时森林郁闭度与林冠上风速廓线的关系

该文利用风洞实验及野外实测资料，用逼近方法求出中性温度层结时不同郁闭度林分林冠以上风速廓线特征．结果表明，风速廓线参数（零平面位移ｄ、林冠表面粗糙度Ｚ０、动力速度Ｕ）随郁闭度Ｃ的变化而改变，ｄ随Ｃ的增大而增大，二者关系可由对数函数表示：ｄ＝（Ｈ／ａ）ｌｎ（Ｃ／Ｃ０）．Ｚ０和Ｕ的变化特征比较相似，在Ｃ＝０２附近有最大值，Ｃ再增大或减小，Ｚ０和Ｕ值均逐渐减小     

Effect of Water Status on Leaf Angle and Leaf Movement in Wheat

Water stress was imposed by watering withholding or application of PEG during the period following ligule emergence of Hag leaves or fifth leaves. Treatment reduced markedly the downward rotation of these youngest fully expanded leaves, and the angle finally reached. Leaf angle changes appear to be sensitive indicators of water shortage in wheat.