联合收割机稻麦收获边界激光在线识别系统设计与试验

针对联合收割机收获边界在线识别问题,利用激光无损探测技术,开发了联合收割机收获边界在线识别系统。首先介绍了系统组成、激光传感器选型及工作原理,将传感器输出数据极坐标转换为直角坐标,建立稻麦轮廓特征数学模型。由于收获过程会产生大量的灰尘,会对激光探测距离及信号反射产生影响。通过与作物特征阈值比较,对受灰尘影响的错误数据进行有效识别与剔除。采用移动平均数字滤波算法,消除系统测量噪声。通过信号阶跃变化模式识别算法,实现了收获边界的在线检测,准确推算出联合收割机作业割幅,并进行了田间试验研究。试验结果表明,该系统可实现在线监测,收获边界测量误差不大于12 cm,可为联合收割机智能监控系统的实际应用提供参考。     

双针热脉冲测定冻土热特性的数值模拟方法

使用双针热脉冲(dual probe heat pulse, DPHP)测定冻土热特性时施加热脉冲后会导致加热探针周围的冰融化,使用目前常用的仅考虑热传导（忽略融化相变、冰水两相分界面）的解析解处理DPHP温度数据,会导致在-5 ℃至0 ℃温度范围内无法准确测量热导率 (λ) 和比热 (C_v)。为了能够准确测定冻土的 λ 和 C_v,有必要考虑DPHP加热过程中引起的冰融化的相变潜热。该研究基于COMSOL仿真软件模拟了考虑相变潜热、相变区间以及移动冰水界面的DPHP测量过程,采用随温度非线性变化的真实冻土热特性进行模拟,并与真实冻土的DPHP测量数据对比。结果表明：1）COMSOL仿真在不考虑相变条件下与无限线性热源模型结果完全吻合（R² = 0.9989）;2）当土壤初始温度低于-5 ℃时,考虑相变发生的COMSOL仿真能够准确模拟试验结果,表现出较高的相关性（R² > 0.93）,在-2 ～ 0 ℃的土壤初始温度范围内,无限线性热源模型的结果与试验测量显著偏离（R² < 0.0013）;3）在不同土壤初始温度下,相变温度为-1.5 ～ -0.5 ℃的仿真结果与试验数据具有较高的相关性（R² > 0.7）。本研究结果检验了有限元仿真用于真实冻土DPHP研究的可行性,可为准确预测冻土热特性的研究提供方法。     

新疆乌什县国家级公益林分级区划落界浅析

分析新疆鸟什县国家级公益林分级区划界定情况，总结取得的成就，并就分级区划界定过程中存在的问题，提出对策和建议。     

Morphological variation in the short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia) in Ecuador,with comments on the practical and philosophical aspects of boundaries among species

The mechanisms for the morphological delimitation of species in Carollia remain poorly understood. This is the first study to assess variation in size and shape from strictly geometric terms. Both factors are assessed by statistical perspectives of distribution, overlap and relative distances. Despite its overlap, the size of the skull seems to be the most influential character for the discrimination of species, with shape playing a much smaller role. The smallest species seems to be the most distinct in shape, not only in terms of distance among centroids in morphometric space, but also in the overall trend and direction of variation. Contrary to previous studies, sexual dimorphism is not given by size but by distinct shapes of the skull. Characters such as the shape of the maxilla, previously described qualitatively as discrete with sharp boundaries, appear to be truly continuous with fuzzy borders among species. Because morphometric space is a gamut of continuous variation and overlap, the taxonomic error rate for size characters seems to be substantial for the medium-sized species (Carollia brevicauda Schinz, 1821), with approximately 30–40% of individuals erroneously assigned to a different species after a jackknifed discriminant function. This taxonomic error is higher for shape characters. Morphological, systematic and ecological consequences of the observed patterns of shape and size variation are commented within the context of previously proposed arguments and hypotheses.     

基于产业精准扶贫辽宁省枫林谷森林公园跨界利益实现机制案例研究

产业扶贫是实现稳定脱贫与解决相对贫困的根本之策。森林公园建设与运营管理涉及地方政府、央地关系、社区居民、产业企业、当代后代等多主体、多层次、跨世代的跨界利益问题。文章基于产业精准扶贫视角,以辽宁省枫林谷森林公园为例,综合运用案例剖析与深度访谈等研究方法,探索出森林公园跨界利益实现机制的有益做法:衔接政策边界,塑造协同共推机制;优化区划边界,开拓辐射带动机制;打通产业边界,催生融合衍生机制;善用群体界别,健全利益分享机制;弥合世代界限,构建永续发展机制。并就如何进一步完善森林公园跨界利益提出探索方向与思路。     

基于转录组的苋菜LBD基因家族鉴定及蓝光下的表达分析

为了解苋菜LBD基因家族,本研究利用转录组数据筛选和鉴定苋菜LBD基因家族成员,并命名为AtrLBD。结果表明:1)从‘全红’苋菜转录组中共鉴定得到16个AtrLBD基因,均为不稳定蛋白,氨基酸长度在91～351aa,相对分子质量为9.396～38.250ku;二级结构主要以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主;亚细胞定位预测,AtrLBD定位在细胞核、叶绿体和线粒体;MEME分析结果表明,16个AtrLBD共有10个保守氨基酸序列;2)系统进化树显示,16个AtrLBD与拟南芥LBD蛋白分为第一类(ClassⅠ)和第二类(ClassⅡ)2大类,细分为Class Ia、Ib、Ic、Id、Ie和Class IIa、IIb等7个亚类;miRNA预测结果显示,有4个AtrLBD是miRNA靶基因;3)qRT-PCR结果显示,除AtrLBD4、AtrLBD5、AtrLBD10和AtrLBD16以外,AtrLBD均受到蓝光的诱导表达。上述结果为深入研究苋菜LBD基因家族的功能及进化分析奠定了基础。     

Spatial association between forest heterogeneity and breeding territory boundaries of two forest songbirds

Human activities and natural disturbances create spatial heterogeneity within forested landscapes, leading to both sharp and gradual boundaries in vegetation and abiotic attributes, such as rocks. Those boundaries may affect the detailed delineation of avian territories (independently of their general location), but their role is largely unknown. We tested, using a spatial analysis approach, whether spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and abiotic attributes were associated with territory boundaries of ten black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) and 14 ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus). The study was conducted during summer 1999 in a mature deciduous forest near Québec City, Canada. Singing males were mapped from repeated surveys at 756 points, 25 m apart, on a 49 ha grid. Spatial heterogeneity was obtained from 27 attributes measured at each point. Boundaries of bird territories, vegetation, and abiotic attributes were delineated using the lattice-wombling boundary detection algorithm. The spatial association between territory and microhabitat boundaries was computed using the spatial overlap statistics. There was significant spatial overlap between territory boundaries and those of 15 and 17 attributes for black-throated blue warbler and ovenbird, respectively. The attributes most strongly associated with territory boundaries were conifer seedling cover, grass and total vegetation cover between 0-2 m high for black-throated blue warbler and fern cover, vegetation-covered rocks and shrub diversity for ovenbird. Complementary to this, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to compare attributes associated with the general occurrence of males to those whose boundaries were associated specifically with territory boundaries. Most attributes whose boundaries were associated with territory boundaries did not correspond to resource attributes, i.e., those where birds were detected most frequently. We conclude that soft boundaries associated with spatial heterogeneity may help shape forest bird territories by providing landmarks not necessarily related to resources used within territories.     

柱型苹果MdCoLBD1/2基因生物信息学及SNP分析

柱型苹果(Columnar apple)是苹果株型育种的珍贵资源.利用同源基因克隆方法,以柱型苹果"威塞克旭"一年生枝上休眠期芽cDNA为模板,克隆得到了LOB DOMAIN家族(LBD)的2个同源基因,命名为MdCoLBD1/2,分别编码195和240个氨基酸.该基因有LBD家族的典型结构域,如C盒、GAS盒、亮氨酸拉链(Leu zipper)结构以及LOB Domain区域等.MdCoLBD1/2分别定位于第10条染色体Chr10:18985568..19005801和MdCoLBD2 Chr10:18985594..19005850区间.MdCoLBD1/2与白梨、葡萄、草莓、椰子、梅、核桃的氨基酸的相似性均在60%以上.聚类分析表明MdCoLBD1和白梨、梅、草莓亲缘关系较近,MdCoLBD2与葡萄、核桃亲缘关系较近,MdCoLBD1/2与亚洲棉、陆地棉的聚类关系均较远.通过测序分析了MdCoLBD1/2基因在30个不同类型材料中的碱基序列差异,得到MdCoLBD1有8个碱基差异位点,MdCoLBD2有5个碱基差异位点.     

COLONIZATION PATTERNS OF WOODY SPECIES ON LANDS MINED FOR COAL IN SPAIN: PRELIMINARY INSIGHTS FOR FOREST EXPANSION

In this study, we combined the analysis of a coenocline with Huisman–Olff–Fresco (HOF) modelling of species behaviour to describe colonization patterns of woody species on reclaimed coal wastes in northern Spain. We hypothesize that fine‐scale variation in abiotic factors along the forest‐grassland gradient that appears after mining restoration affects colonization pattern of woody species. To understand these factors, we analysed changes in floristic composition and abundance of the main woody colonizers according to the spatial distance from forest limit, as well as the spatial variability of some edaphic and microclimatic parameters. Our results showed how the primary coenocline extracted from DCA1 reflected a gradient in environmental conditions influencing the species composition of the woody plant communities, from the more shade, moist and dense forest on acid and rich soils to the open, dry and oligotrophic grassland. The colonization pattern of woody species is affected by fine‐scale variations in abiotic factors, such as the increase in pH, P, light, and the decrease in K, N, C/N, organic matter and soil moisture, from the forest to the restored mine. Most species HOF modelled showed monotone responses with decreasing trends along the environmental gradient from forest to mine, being Quercus petraea the species clearly dominant in the forest. On the contrary, Cytisus scoparius and Genista florida colonize intensely in the mine area, reaching the maximum abundance around 15 and 10 m distance from the forest limit, respectively. We conclude that the composition of woody species in the forest is not a good predictor of the colonizing intensity, not even of the species composition in the mine area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Movements of cactus bugs: Patch transfers,matrix resistance,and edge permeability

Individual movement is a key process affecting the distribution of animals in heterogeneous landscapes. For specialist species in patchy habitat, a central issue is how dispersal distances are related to landscape structure. We compared dispersal distances for cactus bugs (Chelinidea vittiger) on two naturally fragmented landscapes (≤ 4% suitable habitat) with different matrix structures (i.e., vegetation height of nonsuitable habitat between suitable patches). Using mark-release-recapture studies, we determined that most transfers between cactus patches occurred during the mating season. Dispersal distances were reduced by > 50% on the landscape that had reduced structural connectivity due to relatively high matrix structure and low patch density. An experiment with detailed movement pathways demonstrated that greater matrix structure decreased mean step lengths, reduced directionality, and thus decreased net displacement by > 60%. However, habitat edges between two matrix elements that differed substantially in resistance to movement were completely permeable. Therefore, the difference in distributions of dispersal distances between the two landscapes mainly reflected the average resistance of matrix habitat and not the level of matrix heterogeneity per se. Our study highlights the merits of combining estimates of dispersal distances with insights on mechanisms from detailed movement pathways, and emphasizes the difficulty of treating dispersal distances of species as fixed traits independent of landscape structure.