马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.     

基于P-S-R框架模型试点研究高寒地区生态承载力——以甘肃省迭部县为例

全面客观评价生态资源承载能力,进而为区域可持续发展提供理论依据。以甘肃省迭部县为例,首先,采用压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型构建生态承载力评估指标体系,运用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)确定各指标权重,评估生态环境承载力现状;其次,在生态功能区层面对迭部县水源涵养功能及生物多样性功能进行评价;最后,对生态承载力状况进行成因解析。研究结果表明：（1）迭部县整体生态承载力得分为0.239,处于“较强”承载力状态,构成整体生态承载力的生态弹性力、资源和环境承载力和人类社会影响力得分分别为0.222、0.062和0.063。（2）2016年,迭部县单位面积水源涵养量为111.76 mm,水源涵养功能处于“高”状态,其中,水源涵养功能较高地区主要集中在以草地和针阔混交林为主的区域。（3）自然栖息地面积占迭部县总面积的83.67%,其自然栖息质量指数(Natural Habitant Quality Index,NHQI)处于“高”状态。（4）从自然和经济2个因素进行分析,发现迭部县生态环境条件较好,但林草地面积已呈现出逐渐减少状态,因此需要通过合理科学的开发引导,发展文化旅游事业,推动迭部县的可持续发展。     

The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases     

鸡流行性腹泻病原的分离鉴定及特性研究

用胰蛋白酶处理发病鸡的粪便和肠内容物，接种Marc145细胞，盲传数代后，从山东不同地区发生流行性腹泻的鸡群中分离到轮状病毒，并对分离的轮状病毒的生物学特性和理化特性进行了部分研究。结果表明病毒粒子的形态呈车轮状、大小为70-80nm；其病毒基因组的电泳图谱为5：1：3：2；病毒在Marc145细胞上传到第9代时的TCID50为10^-4.62／0．1mL；该分离株病毒对氯仿、乙醚有抵抗力；对pH3．0处理60min稳定；50℃ 30min能使其感染力下降10^2；1mol／L MgCl2不能增强其对50℃ 60min的抵抗力。动物回归试验中接种两周龄SPF鸡，24h后陆续发病，表现为持续性水样腹泻，与自然发病相同；剖检可见病鸡脱水、小肠内有大量的液体和气泡、肠粘膜变薄；组织学变化为肠绒毛上皮坏死、脱落，绒毛平均长度减少而隐窝深度增加，固有层中淋巴细胞浸润。其临床症状及病理组织学变化与自然发病相同。因此确定发生在山东鸡流行件腹泻的病原为轮状病毒．     

免疫剂量和母源抗体对禽流感重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗免疫效力的影响

利用表达 H 5亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV)血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒 (r FPV- HA)以不同剂量免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡、有或无母源抗体 (FPV、AIV H5)的商品鸡 ,并于免疫后 2 1d利用同亚型 AIV通过肌肉注射进行致死性攻击 ,通过检测免疫后 HI抗体应答、比较攻毒后发病率和死亡率评价免疫剂量和母源抗体对 r FPV- HA免疫效力的影响。结果发现 ,免疫后 2 1d,15 %～ 2 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可检出 HI抗体 ,而含母源抗体商品鸡检测不到 HI抗体。利用H5亚型 AIV致死性攻击后 ,10 3～ 10 6 PFU的 r FPV- HA可保护 95 %～ 10 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡抵御强毒攻击 ,使之免于发病和死亡 ;而不同剂量 r FPV- HA接种的含母源抗体商品鸡有 80 %～ 90 %发病和死亡。结果表明 ,在较宽的免疫剂量范围内 ,r FPV- HA对 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可提供良好的保护 ,显示出一定的应用前景 ;母源抗体影响 r FPV- HA诱导的免疫应答 ,且提高免疫剂量亦不能克服其干扰作用 ,这提示在实际应用中需优化免疫程序 ,避免母源抗体干扰。     

安徽省鸡常见病毒性肿瘤病的检测与调查

应用已建立的鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断技术对源自安徽省5个不同地区的46个鸡群的肿瘤病、抑制病疑似病、死鸡305羽进行检测。结果表明,马立克氏病的阳性率为39．34%(120/305),禽网状内皮组织增生征阳性率为8．52%(26/305),禽白血病阳性率为2．624%(8/305)；另对17群未进行MD免疫的肉鸡进行随机抽样检测,其中5个鸡群检测出马立克氏病病毒强毒,阳性率为29．41%(5/17),阳性群的平均检出率为24 %。     

鸡源株与人源株H9N2流感病毒血凝素受体结合位点氨基酸比较与分析

H19N2病毒可以感染多种禽类和哺乳动物，包括人类。流感病毒血凝素受体结合位点的氨基酸可以影响受体结合特性。为了解鸡源株与人源株H19N2病毒受体结合部氨基酸的差异，作者对二者进行了比较与分析，结果表明，鸡源株与人源株血凝素受体结合部位氨基酸的第137、183、190、226位点存在差异，鸡源株在这些位点分别为K、N、AorVorT、LorQ而人源株则分别为R、H、E、L。虽然尚不清楚这些位点的改变对病毒与细胞亲和力及宿主范围的影响，但由于H9N2在我国养鸡业的普遍存在，加强H9N2病毒的分子流行病学监测有重要意义。     

Genetic diversity of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible Avena fatua populations in North Dakota and Minnesota

Genetic diversity within and among 20 herbicide-resistant (HR) and 16 herbicide-susceptible (HS) Avena fatua multi-field populations was determined using 82 polymorphic loci resulting from two intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers and one long-primer random amplified polymorphic DNA (LP-RAPD) primer. Collections from the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota, sampled in 1964 and 2000, represented A. fatua populations before and after intensive exposure to herbicides. A 1995 collection from south-west North Dakota represented A. fatua exposed to low herbicide selection. Despite differences in years of herbicide exposure among collections, both HR and HS populations from every collection maintained nearly similar levels of ISSR and RAPD diversity. Genetic differentiation among populations (G_ST) varied from 11% to 13% among HR populations and from 9% to 16% among HS populations, indicating that 84–91% of total variation remained within HS or within HR populations. Minimal difference in gene diversity between HR and HS is consistent with multiple origins of resistance, where HR A. fatua most likely evolved from diverse founding individuals.