Ultrastructure of the tubular glands in the isthmus region of the oviduct in laying and natural moulting commercial egg‐type chickens

The study investigated the ultrastructural characteristics of tubular gland and duct cells, as well as luminal gland cells in the isthmus region of the oviduct of laying and natural moulting hens. Tubular glands in laying birds were composed of type 1 and 2 cells. Based on the preponderance of each cell type, in relation to the location of a developing egg in the oviduct of the domestic fowl, these gland cells may represent different functional states of the same cell. The findings of the study on natural moulting birds suggest that autophagy is a process confined to the early stages of degeneration, while necrosis occurs in the terminal stages.     

Quercetin activates mitochondrial autophagy via PINK1/parkin pathway to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

AIM To analyze the regulatory effect of quercetin （QUE） on PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 （PINK1）/parkin mitochondrial autophagy pathway, and to explore the mechanism of quercetin in relieving cerebral ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury. METHODS Sixty SD male rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group （I/R group）, QUE group,3-methyladenine （3-MA） group and QUE+3-MA group. Administration started in each group 3 days before modeling, once a day, at 30 min after the last administration,except sham group, the other groups used 4-vessel blockage method to establish the whole brain I/R model. On the day after modeling, the neural function was evaluated by neuropathy disability score （NDS）. The volume of cerebral infarction was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. The morphological changes of mitochondria in hippocampus were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The contents of interleukin-6 （IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in hippocampus were measured by ELISA. The activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and contents of malondialdehyde （MDA） in hippocampus were detected by xanthine oxidase method, thiobarbituric acid condensation method. Western blot was used to detect the proteinex pression of PINK1, parkin and LC3-II in brain tissue. RESULTS Compared with sham group, the hippocampus of the rats in I/R group and QUE+3-MA group showed swelling of mitochondria, destruction or disappearance of internal crista and other pathological damage,also the volume of cerebral infarction, the contents of IL-6, TNF-α and MDA, the protein expression levels of PINK1, parkin and LC3-II were increased （P<0.05）, while NDS score and activity of SOD were decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with I/R group and QUE+3-MA group, the pathological damage degree of hippocampus in QUE group was reduced, the volume of cerebral infarction, the contents of IL-6, TNF-α and MDA were decreased （P<0.05）, the proteinexpression levels of PINK1, parkin and LC3-II, and NDS score and activity of SOD were increased （P<0.05）.The above indexes in 3-MA group were opposite to QUE group. No significant difference in the above indexes between I/R group and QUE+3-MA group was observed （P>0.05）. CONCLUSION Quercetin activates mitochondrial autophagy and reduces cerebral I/R by regulating the expression of PINK1/parkin pathway proteins.     

自噬抑制细胞焦亡对脓毒症肺损伤的保护作用

为研究自噬抑制细胞焦亡对脓毒症肺损伤的保护作用,研究先于体外使用盲肠内容物刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞使其发生炎性反应,通过乳酸脱氢酶检测法、酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法及Western blottin法检测雷帕霉素激活自噬对巨噬细胞发生细胞焦亡的影响。结果发现激活自噬能降低巨噬细胞炎性小体的活化及炎性细胞因子的释放,抑制细胞焦亡。随后对健康C57小鼠构建脓毒症模型,观察雷帕霉素预处理对各组小鼠死亡率的影响,并通过Western blotting检测肺组织中LC3蛋白表达变化,HE染色观察肺组织形态学改变,发现雷帕霉素预处理能够减轻脓毒症小鼠肺组织病理损伤,降低小鼠死亡率。结果表明自噬能够抑制细胞焦亡,对降低脓毒症急性肺损伤具有重要意义。     

体外棕榈酸诱导自噬调节奶牛淋巴细胞炎症通路

为探讨体外棕榈酸(Palmitic acid,PA)是否可以通过自噬调节奶牛淋巴细胞炎症信号通路的激活,分离健康奶牛淋巴细胞,采用3-MA(3-Methyladenin,细胞自噬抑制剂)和不同质量浓度PA作用于淋巴细胞,收集细胞及上清,利用qRT-PCR检测淋巴细胞LC3B、Beclin1、mTOR、UKL1、SQST...     

卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关性

细胞自噬是哺乳动物细胞物质代谢的一个重要机制,与细胞凋亡共同参与卵巢卵泡的发育和闭锁,并发挥重要的作用。近年研究发现,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/AKT）信号通路参与卵巢疾病的发生。PI3K和AKT的过度激活可使原始卵泡过早发育以及卵泡过快凋亡,卵巢颗粒细胞作为卵泡发育重要的支持细胞,其功能的减退或凋亡很可能引发一系列女性内分泌方面的疾病。FOXO3a转录因子是PI3K/AKT信号通路下游的重要靶蛋白之一,参与抗增殖和凋亡。本文就关于卵巢颗粒细胞自噬与PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a信号通路的相关进展加以综述。     

酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响

[目的]探讨酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响.[方法]通过尼罗红染色观察酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变后脂滴的形态;用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记细胞自噬蛋白Atg8后,采用荧光显微镜和免疫印迹试验检测突变体细胞自噬的发生情况,并使用荧光染料FM4-64检测液泡形态;此外,检测相关突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸(申嗪霉素)的敏感性.[结果]在营养有限条件下,酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变体中脂滴的大小或数量受到不同程度的影响,但细胞自噬在常规检测条件下正常;其中磷脂酸胞苷转移酶编码基因CDS1突变导致液泡形态异常(碎片化),而其他磷脂合成相关基因突变不影响液泡形态;回补CDS1后,cds1-DAmP突变体中液泡形态恢复正常;此外,cds 1-DAmP突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸处理更为敏感.[结论]酿酒酵母中脂滴和液泡形态异常不一定影响细胞自噬的正常进行,但可能影响其对外界环境的响应.     

布鲁菌介导细胞自噬的研究进展

布鲁菌是布鲁菌病的病原体,在世界范围内给养殖业带来巨大损失.自噬是细胞的一种代谢方式,细胞在自噬相关基因的调控下清除细胞内病原微生物和吞噬降解受损、衰老细胞器及大分子物质,以维持机体内环境平衡.布鲁菌入侵细胞后,能够诱发细胞自噬,而这一复杂的过程需要很多细胞因子的参与,探究布鲁菌引发的细胞自噬已成为揭示布鲁菌致病机制的...     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

Wnt5a介导Wnt/Ca2+通路对BCG诱导牛原代肺泡上皮细胞自噬的调控作用

旨在探讨体外分离培养牛肺泡上皮细胞（bovine alveolar epithelial cells,BAECs）的方法及Wnt5a对牛结核分枝杆菌卡介苗（bacille Calmette-Guérin,BCG）感染BAECs细胞自噬的调控机制。试验选用酶联合消化法和机械刮刷法分离细胞,差速贴壁法纯化BAECs,免疫荧光染色检测上皮细胞标志物角蛋白14（cytokeratin 14,CK14）和角蛋白5（cytokeratin 5,CK5）的表达;BCG感染BAECs,并用Box-5抑制Wnt5a的表达,Western blot和免疫荧光染色检测自噬相关蛋白及非经典Wnt信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果表明,采用酶联合消化法和机械刮刷法能够成功分离纯度较高的BAECs,细胞经CK14和CK5鉴定为阳性;BCG感染BAECs促进Wnt5a表达,增加细胞自噬,Box-5预处理下调BCG诱导的细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3II、P62、Atg7及Atg5的表达,且抑制非经典Wnt/Ca²⁺信号通路相关蛋白Wnt5a、CaMKII及NFAT的表达。综上,试验成功建立BAECs分离培养方法,BCG感染增加BAECs内Wnt5a表达和细胞自噬,抑制Wnt5a下调BCG诱导的BAECs细胞自噬,且Wnt5a是通过非经典Wnt/Ca²⁺信号通路调控BCG诱导的BAECs细胞自噬。     

Nutrient starvation affects expression of LC3 family at the feto-maternal interface during murine placentation

LC3 − the mammalian homolog of Atg8 − was found as autophagosome membrane binding protein in mammals and widely used as an autophagosomal marker. LC3A, B and C show different expression patterns in each tissue. The aim of this study was to reveal the differences of expression patterns among LC3 families in mouse placenta under normal condition and nutrient starving condition. LC3A and B were highly expressed in decidual cells. LC3A and B were increased in D14 compared with D12 and D16 in mouse placenta, while LC3C was decreased. Starvation induced increase in LC3B expression specifically. Immunohistochemistry showed different expression patterns among LC3A, B and C. LC3A expression in syncytiotrophoblast was vanished by starvation. The results of real time RT-PCR suggested differences between D12 and D16 in autophagic cascade induced by starvation. Taken together, this study suggests that autophagy could play a role in placental invasion system and that nutrient starvation affects LC3B expression.