Evaluation of hemostatic derangements associated with canine anaphylaxis and the relationship to syndrome severity

Objective

To describe hemostatic derangements associated with canine anaphylaxis and to assess for association with syndrome severity.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Twenty-seven client-owned dogs, recruited from November 2018 to January 2022, diagnosed with anaphylaxis of varying severity were included. Study inclusion required presentation <6 hours after initiation of clinical signs, no medications or history of illness within the prior 2 weeks, lack of comorbidities expected to affect hemostasis, and lack of a disease state that could alternatively explain the clinical presentation.

Interventions

Blood samples were collected within the first hour of presentation for CBC, serum biochemistry, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and viscoelastic coagulation testing for use with a cartridge-based point-of-care device.

Measurements and main results

Clotting time and clot formation time were prolonged, alpha angle and maximum clot firmness were decreased, PT and aPTT were prolonged, and platelet counts were lower in severe cases compared to mild and moderate cases. There were no differences for any parameter between mild and moderate cases. The presence or absence of abdominal effusion was not associated with hemostatic status.

Conclusions

Global hemostatic derangements consistent with hypocoagulability are a prominent feature of severe anaphylaxis in dogs and should be considered for routine evaluation.     

Anaphylaxis after vaccination for cats in Japan

Severe adverse reactions in cats after vaccination were examined from 316 cases reported to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in Japan during 15-year period from April 2004 to March 2019. We found that 130 (41%) showed anaphylaxis, and 99 (76%) of the 130 cases of anaphylaxis resulted in death. Veterinarians should be well prepared to deal with vaccine-associated anaphylaxis in cats. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as indicator of purification was detected at high levels in commercially available feline vaccines. BSA might derive from fetal calf serum in culture media. This study provides useful information about anaphylaxis including critical details of the potential clinical signs associated with adverse events to feline vaccination.     

Sargassum horneri as a Functional Food Ameliorated IgE/BSA-Induced Mast Cell Activation and Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Mice

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri), an edible brown alga, has been proposed as a functional food with an improvement effect on abnormal skin immune responses. The present study investigates the anti-allergic effect of an ethanol extract from S. horneri (SHE) on immunoglobulin E (IgE)/bovine serum albumin (BSA)-mediated activation in bone marrow-derived cultured-mast cells (BMCMCs) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. SHE markedly and dose-dependently suppressed the degranulation of BMCMCs by reducing the β-hexosaminidase and histamine release without cytotoxicity. In addition, SHE significantly decreased the FcεRI expression on the surface of BMCMCs and its IgE binding. Moreover, SHE reduced the mRNA expression and the production of allergic cytokines; interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13; interferon (IFN)-γ and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and a chemokine, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), by suppressing the activation of Src-family kinases and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. In further study, the application of SHE reduced the PCA reaction in an IgE/BSA-induced type I allergic mice model. Taken together, we suggest that SHE has an anti-allergic effect in type I allergic responses.     

Acute noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in an anesthetized Nubian goat kid

ObservationsA 1-month-old Nubian goat presented for sialocyst resection. Physical examination and bloodwork were unremarkable. While pre-oxygenating, the goat was sedated with midazolam and morphine (0.1 mg kg^?1 each) intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with 1.7 mg kg^?1 propofol. Sevoflurane was administered in oxygen without assisted ventilation via a cuffed orotracheal tube. Throughout the first 85 minutes of anesthesia, the goat was well-oxygenated (SpO₂, ≥97%), ventilating adequately (Pe′CO₂, 36–48 mmHg), and had normal mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, 60–85 mmHg). Blood-gas values at 45 minutes were consistent with adequate ventilation on oxygen. At 75 minutes, the goat moved in response to surgical stimulation, requiring additional propofol (0.4 mg kg^?1). After 10 minutes, MAP dropped precipitously to 40 mmHg and frequent multiform premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were observed. Crystalloids, hetastarch, and dopamine (5 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) were administered to correct the hypotension. Arterial blood-gas analysis revealed that the goat had become hypoxemic (PaO₂, 50 mmHg). Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was initiated. Subsequent blood-gas analysis did not show significant improvement in PaO₂ (53 and 56 mmHg, respectively). Occasional PVCs were observed thereafter. Surgery ended, and sevoflurane and IPPV were discontinued. The goat was extubated within 7 minutes and received 100% oxygen by mask. Diffuse crackles were ausculted over both hemithoraces. Suspecting pulmonary edema, furosemide (1 mg kg^?1) was administered IV. Radiographs taken immediately post-operatively revealed a severe, caudodorsal airspace (alveolar) pattern, confirming the diagnosis. Respiration improved considerably within an hour with nasal oxygen and two additional doses of furosemide.ConclusionsThe goat developed acute, drug-induced, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in response to the second dose of propofol.     

SUZUTOS豚鼠皮肤致敏GLP试验研究

试验采用Buehler斑贴法,用豚鼠50只,共分4组,受试物诱导组20只,受试物非诱导组10只,阳性对照物诱导组和阳性对照物非诱导组各10只。受试物(SUZUTOS)诱导剂量为0.2 g/(只.次),受试物的激发剂量为0.1 g/(只.次)。受试物诱导和激发最大剂量限值为0.2 g/只,激发剂量为不引起皮肤刺激的最高剂量。试验期间对各受试动物一般状态、给药部位皮肤有无异常进行观察。于激发给药后24h及48 h,对受试动物涂药部位皮肤红斑和水肿进行评分,求出致敏率。结果表明,受试物诱导组及阳性对照物诱导组动物皮肤致敏率分别为20%和50%,SUZUTOS对豚鼠皮肤为轻度致敏。     

Anti-anaphylactic effect of Euphorbia hirta

The Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract (EH A001) was found to possess a prominent anti-anaphylactic activity. A preventive effect of EH-A001 given by oral route at dose from 100 to 1000 mg/kg was observed against compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis. At the same range of dose, EH-A001 inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rat and active paw anaphylaxis in mice. A suppressive effect of EH-A001 was observed on the release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 from anti-DNP-HSA activated rat peritoneal mast cells.