模拟发电机组专用可控硅直流调速系统

本文从分析同步发电机原动系统基本数学模型入手，提出了一种实现同步发电机原动系统仿真的专用可控硅直流调速系统及其实用装置。该控制系统采用有差调节的模拟调速器，水汽管道特性模拟、自平衡特性模拟和集成块模拟触发器，以及过流与超速保护，并可实现有差－无差调节的转换。     

虹鳟排卵前后血清中性类固醇激素浓度变化的研究

对虹鳟(Salmo gairdneri)排卵前后血清17β-雌二醇(17β-E_2),睾酮(T)和17α-羟-20β-双氢孕酮(17α20βP)的含量进行了测定。17β-E_2从排卵前15天的18.1ng/ml急骤下降到排卵前3—6天的2ng/ml,并继续下降,至排卵时仅为0.9ng/ml。睾酮在虹鳟雌鱼血清中的含量很高,血清浓度从排卵前9天的峰值水平143.3ng/ml缓慢下降,排卵时为24.3ng/ml。17α20βP的血清浓度变化明显,排卵前15天,该激素浓度接近于基线水平或甚至低得不能被检测,排卵前9天开始迅速上升,到排卵前3天达到峰值350.6ng/ml,排卵时为302.2ng/ml。本研究进一步证实了17α20βP在鲑鳟鱼类卵母细胞最后成熟过程中的生理作用,是一种诱发卵母细胞成熟的类固醇激素。临排卵前,血清17β-E_2浓度的下降,可能调节了17α20βP大量分泌的时间;17α20βP的大量分泌是卵母细胞达到最后成熟和排卵不可缺少的一环。注射合成的大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta)促性腺激素释放激素(s-GnRH)及其类似物(s-GnRH-A),诱发虹鳟血清类固醇激素17β-E_2,睾酮和17α20βP的变化趋势与自然排卵时的变化相类似。经注射药物诱发排卵的鱼,较对照组提早一周排卵,而且排卵较同步和集中。     

The combined effects of temperature and GnRHa treatment on the final stages of sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) females

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) females (2 SW), maturing for the first time, were reared under one of three temperature regimes (high: 14.3 ± 0.5°C; natural: 10.6 ± 1.0°C; and cold: 6.9 ± 1.0°C) in combination with one of two experimental treatments; an injection of GnRH analogue (GnRHa) contained in biodegradable microspheres, or a sham injection (microspheres only). The six experimental groups were then reared under simulated natural photoperiod for 4 weeks. Blood samples were drawn for analysis of plasma steroid levels and the fish were inspected for ovulation weekly. Batches of stripped eggs were incubated in triplicate incubators in raceways until the eyed stage. Treatment with GnRHa resulted in a substantial advancement and synchronization of ovulation at all temperatures, while exposure to cold water also appeared to advance ovulation slightly. While 75% (warm and cold) to 90% (natural) of GnRHa fish ovulated during the 4-week trial, only 30% of sham-treated females exposed to cold water, and none of the sham-treated fish held at higher temperatures, ovulated during this period. Survival rates of embryos to the eyed-stage were significantly higher for broodstock exposed to cold water. Plasma levels of testosterone (T), 17β-oestradiol (E₂), and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP) were all significantly affected by treatment with GnRHa and, to a lesser extent, temperature. The efficiency of GnRHa in counteracting the negative effects of high temperature on ovulation and the associated changes in circulating sex steroids suggest that temperature inhibition operates at least in part at the brain or pituitary.     

口服和静脉注射重组hGLP-1类似物对糖尿病大鼠的影响

目的观察口服和静脉注射重组hGLP-1类似物对糖尿病大鼠血糖、胰岛素及胰岛组织病变的影响。方法用链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立SD大鼠糖尿病模型,随机分为模型组、灌胃组和注射组,每组10只,分别给予生理盐水灌胃、重组hGLP-1类似物多肽灌胃、hGLP-1类似物基因重组载体尾静脉注射,观察4周内各组大鼠血糖、胰岛素、胰岛组织病理变化。结果与模型组比较,灌胃组和注射组的血糖水平在给药后1～4周明显下降,而血清胰岛素水平显著升高（P〈0.01）。灌胃组在各时间点的血糖、胰岛素水平与注射组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。HE染色发现,灌胃组和注射组大鼠的胰岛组织病变有所改善。结论重组hGLP-1类似物可降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖、提高血清胰岛素水平。     

Progesterone and pregnancy status of buffaloes treated with a GNRH agonist

The primary aim of the present study was to establish whether the treatment with a GnRH agonist on Day 5 after AI may result in the formation of an accessory corpus luteum, greater progesterone secretion, and the increased likelihood of pregnancy success in buffaloes. The study was conducted during a period of increasing daylight length when progesterone secretion is suppressed and embryonic mortality is relatively high in buffaloes. In Experiment 1, treatment with a GnRH agonist (buserelin, 12 μg) on Day 5 after AI induced acute increases in circulating concentrations of LH, FSH and oestradiol-17β. Pregnant buffaloes (n = 14) at Day 40 following AI showed an increase (P < 0.01) in milk whey progesterone concentration between Day 5 (310 ± 55 pg/ml) and Day 15 (424 ± 50 pg/ml). The non-pregnant buffaloes (n = 7) showed a decrease (P < 0.01) in progesterone level from Day 5 (410 ± 87 pg/ml) to Day 15 (188 ± 30 pg/ml) following AI. In Experiment 2, the treatment with buserelin (12 μg) on Day 5 after AI induced ovulation in 62% of the buffaloes (31/50) and these buffaloes showed a progressive increase in milk whey progesterone concentration on Day 10, 15 and 20 of pregnancy. Buffaloes that did not ovulate, recorded a relatively constant milk whey progesterone level from Day 10 to Day 20 following AI. Milk whey progesterone concentrations increased after the administration of the GnRH agonist in 97% of the pregnant buffaloes and 68% of the non-pregnant buffaloes. The diameter of the largest follicle in buffaloes that ovulated (ovulated n = 31) (8.9 ± 0.04 mm; range 4.2 – 13.0 mm) did not differ significantly from the diameter of the largest follicle in buffaloes that did not ovulate (not ovulate n = 19) (8.7 ± 0.04 mm; range: 4.0 – 12.0 mm). The latter observation suggested that notional ovulatory size follicles in buffaloes are heterogeneous with respect to stage of follicle maturation and capacity to respond to plasma LH. The present study showed that treatment with a GnRH agonist on Day 5 following AI provides a strategy to increase progesterone secretion and the likelihood of pregnancy in buffaloes mated during periods of increasing daylight length.     

保幼激素类似物对白蚁的作用研究进展

本文介绍了保幼激素类似物对白蚁的影响,包括诱导前兵蚁、兵蚁和一些中间品级(形态畸形)的产生、抑制白蚁的取食、减少或消除白蚁的共生原生动物群、对白蚁产生不同水平的急性和慢性毒性、抑制工蚁蜕皮以及繁殖蚁建立新群体等方面的影响,其中最主要影响是诱导前兵、兵蚁和一些中间品级的产生破坏了白蚁群体品级比例的平衡性或完整性。因此,保幼激素类似物可用于白蚁的防治,并在田间防治散白蚁和乳白蚁均取得了较好的防治效果,并探讨了应用保幼激素类似物防治白蚁的潜力与前景。     

The discovery of HNPC‐A3066: a novel strobilurin acaricide

BACKGROUND: Although more than ten strobilurin analogues have been commercialized since 1996 as fungicides, only one was available as an acaricide as of 2003. To search for novel strobilurin analogues with unique biological activities, a synthetic screening programme was carried out. RESULTS: Syntheses of compounds analogous to the commercialized fungicide metominostrobin and the acaricide fluacrypyrim led to the discovery of a lead compound, (E)‐2‐{2‐[[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl}‐2‐(methoxyimino)‐N‐methylacetamide (3b), that showed moderate acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Compound 3b has a 3,5‐(CF₃)₂‐phenoxymethyl group instead of the unsubstituted phenoxy substituent in metominostrobin. Optimization of compound 3b was achieved by introducing an oxime ether bridge along with an alkylthio(alkyl) branch in place of the oxymethylene chain between two aromatic moieties, as well as by replacing the methoxyiminoacetamide group with a methoxyacrylate structure, leading to (E)‐ methyl 2‐{2‐[[[(Z)[1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐2‐methylthioethylidene]amino]oxy] methyl]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate (6c) and (E)‐ methyl 2‐{2‐[[[(Z)[1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1‐methylthiomethylidene]amino]oxy]methyl]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate (9a, HNPC‐A3066). CONCLUSION: The above two compounds (6c, 9a) were shown to exhibit potent acaricidal and fungicidal activity. Compound 9a (HNPC‐A3066) also exhibits larvicidal and ovicidal activities against various acarids. The acaricidal potency is comparable with those of commercial acaricides such as fluacrypyrim, tebufenpyrad and chlorfenapyr. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆品种RGA分析与疫霉根腐病抗性鉴定

采用7个具有不同毒性基因的大豆疫霉菌株, 对黄淮地区48个优良大豆种质资源进行了苗期接种鉴定, 筛选出一批具有不同抗性的优异抗源, 说明黄淮地区蕴藏着丰富的大豆抗病资源。以相似系数0.682聚类, 48个大豆品种可以分成8类。同时, 根据抗病基因在保守区域序列同源性的原理, 利用RGA-PCR方法对48个品种的遗传多样性进行分析, 从48个大豆品种的抗病基因同源序列中共扩增出53条谱带, 各品种之间谱带较清晰且呈现明显的多态性, 以相似系数0.746聚类, 48个大豆品种可以分成7类。尽管抗性表型和RGA聚类的类与类之间没有一一对应关系, 但抗谱广的品种, 能较好地聚在一类, 如丰收黄、科丰36、即墨油豆等。因此, 综合利用抗性表型和RGA分析可以为大豆疫霉根腐病抗性基因鉴定、品种的培育和合理布局提供一定的理论依据。     

宽胫夜蛾性信息素类似物的合成及其生物活性

【背景】近年来,随着新引种作物藜麦种植面积的显著增长,取食藜属植物的宽胫夜蛾（Protoschinia scutosa）逐渐增多并成为危害藜麦的主要害虫,对我国农作物生产构成潜在威胁。【目的】通过对宽胫夜蛾性信息素组分母体结构顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯（Z11-16:Ac）极性基团修饰,设计合成两种不同类型的类似物,并对其生物活性进行测定,为利用性信息素及类似物绿色防控宽胫夜蛾提供理论依据。【方法】以性信息素前体顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z11-16:OH）为原料,三乙胺作缚酸剂(与酸酐反应时需加入催化剂4-二甲氨基吡啶),分别与2-溴丙酰氯、2-氯乙酰氯、二氟乙酸酐、三氟乙酸酐、甲基丙烯酰氯、2-丁烯酰氯发生酯化反应,经过柱层析分离纯化,合成卤素原子修饰的性信息素类似物K1—K4和碳链末端双键修饰的类似物K5—K6。采用梯度稀释配制不同浓度（0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10、100 μg·μL^-1）的类似物K1—K6溶液,利用不同浓度类似物直接刺激宽胫夜蛾雄蛾触角,测定类似物K1—K6的触角电生理（EAG）响应值;在性信息素诱芯中添加不同剂量的类似物配制性信息素类似物诱芯,于2021年夏季在北京延庆地区进行田间诱捕试验,根据统计诱芯的雄蛾诱捕量对类似物活性进行分析。【结果】类似物刺激浓度从0.001 μg·μL^-1增至100 μg·μL^-1,雄蛾触角对类似物K1—K5的EAG响应值呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。其中宽胫夜蛾雄蛾触角对化合物顺-11-十六碳烯-2-溴丙酸酯（K1）的响应最强烈,在100 μg·μL^-1下EAG响应值为1.34 mV。而类似物K5、K6的EAG活性相对较低,其EAG响应值在100 μg·μL^-1下分别为0.67、0.57 mV。田间诱捕试验表明合成的6种类似物均表现出较好的生物活性。其中类似物K5添加剂量为100 μg时,15 d平均诱捕量最高,为35.00头,显著高于性信息素对照。类似物K1添加剂量为10 μg时,15 d平均诱捕量为32.33头,显著高于性信息素对照。【结论】经过EAG测定和田间试验验证,类似物K1和K5表现出显著的增效活性,可作为宽胫夜蛾性信息素的增效剂;添加不同剂量的类似物K2、K3、K4、K6表现出了与性信息素相当的活性。研究结果可为宽胫夜蛾的绿色防控提供科学依据。     

Biodiversity functions of urban cemeteries: Evidence from one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe

As the world becomes more urbanized, urban cemeteries may become increasingly valuable for biodiversity conservation as cemeteries are ubiquitous elements of the green infrastructure in cities worldwide. By implementing a multi-taxon approach at different spatial extents, we analyzed habitat functions of a large urban cemetery in Berlin (Weiÿensee Jewish Cemetery) and explored related environmental variables. This cemetery is an outstanding cultural heritage site but it also stands for old urban cemeteries that have progressed to urban woodland, an ecosystem type that exists in many regional and religious contexts. The cemetery provided a habitat for 604 species; species of conservation concern comprised 1.6⿿100% of total species among different groups of taxa (in decreasing order: bats, birds, lichens, bryophytes, carabids, vascular plants, spiders). Species richness and species composition at the plot level were significantly related to differences in management intensity and resulting vegetation structures but differed among taxonomic groups. In vascular plants, carabids and spiders, the species composition varied significantly with habitat age, and there was a set of characteristic species for different age classes in each species group. Our results thus support the use of differentiated management approaches to maintain habitat heterogeneity by allowing wilderness development in some parts of a cemetery while keeping others more open. Since these aims can be combined with efforts to preserve outstanding grave architectures and allow access to visitors, our study indicates ways of reconciling conflicting aims of heritage preservation and biodiversity conservation, a promising perspective for biodiversity conservation in culturally shaped urban landscapes. We conclude that cemeteries provide important cultural ecosystem services within the urban green infrastructure.