Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

凉山半细毛羊新品种的选育技术与经验

凉山半细毛羊新品种的育成,是采用表型选择和基因型选择相结合产生的结果。在初生期、断奶期、育成期和成年期采取表型鉴定、逐步选择淘汰的制度。根据羔羊断奶期性状与育成期性状之间的显著相关性对羔羊单性状进行早期选择。应用同期发情与后裔测验相结合的方法,对种公羊基因型值用BLUP法进行选择。同时,加强育种工作的组织领导,组建独具特色的三级繁育体系,改善育种羊群的饲养管理条件,圆满完成了国家下达的半细毛羊新品种选育的任务,填补了国内粗档半细毛羊品种的空白。     

生沛素对皖系粗毛兔生产性能的影响

选择42日龄皖系粗毛兔幼兔42只,根据体重、性别,随机分成3组,分别饲喂含1‰、2‰生沛素日粮和对照组日粮.结果表明,添加1‰、2‰生沛素组产毛量比对照组分别提高17.5%(P＜0.01)和19.1%(P＜0.01);增重提高11.2%(P＜0.05)和12.5%(P＜0.05);每只兔一次产毛的经济效益比对照组分别提高2.96元和1.13元.另外,添加生沛素的试验组兔毛品质也比对照组有所提高和改善.     

日粮钙水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊生长性能及血清生化指标和繁殖相关激素的影响

试验旨在探讨日粮钙水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊生长性能、配种前血清生化指标和繁殖相关激素的影响,为开展空怀期云南半细毛羊营养需要量研究提供参考。选用50只体况良好、体重相近、38月龄的经产2胎空怀云南半细毛羊,随机均分为5组,分别饲喂0.40%(无外源钙)、0.45%、0.53%、0.66%、0.85%5个钙水平的日粮。预试期14d,正试期30d。结果表明:0.53%钙水平组云南半细毛羊的总增重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、耗料增重比等指标相对优于其他组;0.40%钙水平日粮组的血清钙最高,血清碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺素、钙、磷组间差异不显著(P>0.05);繁殖相关激素各组间表现不一,0.40%钙水平组雌二醇水平最高(P>0.05)。在日粮磷水平为0.20%水平条件下,0.53%钙水平组的空怀期云南半细毛羊表现出较好的生长性能,可为临配种前生理生化和激素水平提供较好准备;增加日粮钙水平,未见对以上指标有明显的正向增强作用,可能与日粮钙磷比失衡有关。     

Use of dimethylformamide to cryopreserve alpaca semen previously incubated with collagenase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of collagenase and two final dimethylformamide (DMF) concentrations (4% and 7%) on alpaca frozen-thawed sperm quality. A total of 25 ejaculates from 5 alpaca were obtained using electroejaculation. Each individual ejaculate was evaluated and then diluted 4:1 in a solution of 1 mg/ml collagenase in HEPES-TALP medium and incubated for 4 min at 37°C. Subsequently, samples were diluted in TRIS-fructose-citric acid-egg yolk and cooled to 5°C. Then, each sample was divided in two aliquots and DMF at final concentration of 4% or 7% was added, equilibrated for 1 hr at 5°C and frozen over liquid nitrogen vapours. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate the sperm morphometry, and Completely Random Block designs were used to analyse sperm motility, viability, membrane function and acrosome status. After collagenase incubation, none of the samples showed thread formation, and sperm parameters were preserved. Non-progressive motile sperm were higher (p < .05) in equilibrated samples (4% DMF: 31.8 ± 8.3% and 7% DMF: 36.3 ± 11.8%) compared to raw (10.1 ± 4.3%) and frozen-thawed semen (4% DMF: 9.7 ± 1.8% and 7% DMF: 7.5 ± 3.2%). Sperm membrane function, membrane integrity and intact acrosomes were higher (p < .05) in raw semen (40.1 ± 12.2%, 94.6 ± 3.2% and 91.3 ± 8.1%) compared to frozen-thawed samples (4% DMF: 19.8 ± 4.7%, 53.2 ± 2.7%, 65.7 ± 8.7% and 7% DMF: 20.4 ± 4.5%, 54.1 ± 1.4%, 64.6 ± 9.1%). Length of the sperm head was lower in frozen-thawed samples, being statistically different with 4% DMF compared to pre-freezing samples. The ratio between acrosome and head areas was greater (p < .05) in frozen-thawed samples. Incubation of raw alpaca semen with collagenase decreased the thread formation without affecting sperm quality. Frozen of collagenase treated alpaca semen with 4% or 7% DMF did not preserve the sperm parameters in thawed samples.     

日粮蛋白质水平对云南半细毛羊空怀母羊能量代谢的影响

为研究日粮蛋白质水平对云南半细毛羊空怀母羊能量代谢的影响,试验选择25只云南半细毛羊空怀母羊,平均分为5个组,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为8.4%、10.0%、12.3%、13.6%、15.9%的日粮,用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验,试验期共19 d,预试期14 d,正试期5 d。结果表明：（1）日粮蛋白质水平对总能摄入量无显著影响（P > 0.05）。（2）从组1到组5粪能逐渐下降,且组3、组4、组5较组1分别降低了10.5%、11.4%、13.7%（P < 0.05）,组5较组2降低了9.5%（P < 0.05）。（3）从组1到组5尿能逐渐增加,除组2与组1、组3间差异不显著（P > 0.05）外,其余组间差异极显著（P < 0.01）。（4）组4和组5总能消化率较组1极显著提高13.2%和11.8%（P < 0.01）,其余各组差异不显著（P > 0.05）。组4总能代谢率较组1极显著提高9.8%（P < 0.01）,其余各组差异不显著（P > 0.05）。对于消化能代谢率,组1和组2差异不显著（P > 0.05）,组3、组4和组5依次显著降低（P < 0.05）。（5）蛋白质采食量与总能消化率、消化能代谢率间的回归方程分别为：Y=0.917X+45.872（R2=0.853）|Y=-0.370X+87.735（R2=0.899）。综上,日粮蛋白质水平与粪能呈负相关,与尿能呈正相关。日粮蛋白质水平为13.6%时,总能消化率和总能代谢率均较8.4%蛋白质水平组极显著提高。总能消化率随蛋白质采食量的提高而线性升高,消化能代谢率则随蛋白质采食量的提高而线性降低。 [关键词] 蛋白质|云南半细毛羊|空怀期|能量代谢     

Surgical repair of femoral fractures in New World camelids: five cases (1996-2003)

Five New World camelids were admitted to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine between 1996 and 2003 for evaluation of femoral fractures. There were three alpacas and two llamas. Four of the animals were female and three were less than 3 months of age. Fracture configurations consisted of distal physeal fractures (three), a comminuted diaphyseal/metaphyseal fracture, and a transverse diaphyseal fracture. Fractures were diagnosed with a combination of physical examination and radiographs in all cases. All five fractures were repaired with internal fixation and three animals were discharged from the hospital with fractures that healed. One cria underwent successful internal fixation but died from pulmonary oedema during recovery from anaesthesia. Postoperative complications were rare and limited to inadequate fracture stability in one alpaca and prolonged recovery to weight bearing in another. One llama with a comminuted metaphyseal fracture, repaired with a 4.5 mm dynamic compression plate, subsequently had catastrophic failure of the bone 17 days after surgery. Overall the clients were pleased with the outcome of discharged animals. Although femoral fractures are considered rare, they pose a unique opportunity for the large animal veterinarian to successfully achieve fracture union with the aid of internal fixation.     

逆向工程和快速成型技术在农具生产中的应用

随着现代制造业要求生产加工过程向高度自动化、精度化方向发展,计算机辅助工程在制造业中运用也越来越重要.为此,分析了计算机逆向工程技术和快速成型技术如何应用于羊毛剪刀摆杆模具的制造过程,为以后有关农业器具的生产加工提供了一个新的途径.此项技术不但提高了生产加工过程的自动化、精度化水平,而且有效地提高了生产效率,缩短了产品生产加工周期.     

日粮中添加NCG对妊娠前期鄂尔多斯细毛羊血液、尿囊液和羊水中氨基酸浓度的影响

为了研究日粮中添加NCG(N-氨甲酰谷氨酸)对妊娠前期鄂尔多斯细毛羊血液、尿囊液和羊水中氨基酸浓度的影响,试验选择年龄、胎次和体况相近、平均体重为50.62±0.52 kg的受孕鄂尔多斯细毛羊母羊40只,随机分为3组(NCG1组饲喂基础日粮+0.30 g NCG/d(n=13),NCG2组饲喂基础日粮+0.40 g N...     

羊衣对我国西部羊毛品质和产量的影响

甘肃高山细毛羊常年生活在海拔3000米高的我国西北地区,其自然环境相当恶劣,夏天温度很高,春天风沙很大,紫外线很强烈.羊毛的产量和质量严重受这些因素影响.羊衣可解决这些不良因素的影响,当绵羊穿上这种衣服时,平均试验羊个体净毛量提高0.44Kg,毛束长度提高0.33cm,净毛率提高30.57%.所以绵羊穿上这种衣服可控制风沙、灰尘、紫外线的侵害,达到提高羊毛品质的目的.