Sectioned pelvic fin ray ageing of muskellunge Esox masquinongy from a Virginia river: comparisons among readers, with cleithrum estimates, and with tag–recapture growth data

Abstract  The potential utility of pelvic fin rays as ageing structures was evaluated for southern US muskellunge Esox masquinongy Mitchill populations by comparing age estimates among three readers and against cleithrum estimates, and by comparing observed length changes of tagged fish with changes predicted from growth equations based on pelvic fin ray age estimates. Mean coefficient of variation in age estimates among all readers and between the two readers with prior ageing experience was 17.8% and 5.6%, respectively. Exact and within 1-year agreement rates between pelvic fin rays and cleithra were 76% and 100%, respectively. Mean (± 2 SE) estimated absolute error between observed and predicted length changes for 13 tagged muskellunge was 30 ± 14 mm. This evaluation indicated that pelvic fin rays may prove to be a useful, non-lethal method for ageing muskellunge in southern US waters. Validation studies are still needed to ensure that growth rings form consistently throughout fish's life span.     

Effect of resistant starch on the intestinal health of old dogs: fermentation products and histological features of the intestinal mucosa

The effects of resistant starch (RS) intake on nutrient digestibility, microbial fermentation products, faecal IgA, faecal pH, and histological features of the intestinal mucosa of old dogs were evaluated. The same formulation was extruded in two different conditions: one to obtain elevated starch cooking degree with low RS content (0.21%) and the other lower starch cooking with high RS content (1.46%). Eight geriatric Beagles (11.5 ± 0.38 years old) were fed each diet for 61 days in a crossover design. Food intake, nutrient digestibility, fermentation products, faecal pH, and faecal IgA were examined via variance analysis. Histological results of intestinal biopsies were assessed via Wilcoxon test for paired data. The morphometric characteristics of large intestine crypts were evaluated via paired t tests (p < .05). Protein, fat, and energy digestibilities were higher for the low‐RS diet (p < .05). Dogs receiving the high‐RS diet had lower faecal pH and higher values for propionate, butyrate, total volatile fatty acids, and lactate (p < .05). No differences between diets were found in the histological parameters of the gut mucosa, and only a tendency for deeper crypts in the descending colon was observed for dogs fed the high‐RS diet (p = .083). The intake of a corn‐based kibble diet manufactured with coarse ground raw material and low starch gelatinization to obtain 1.4% of RS affected microbial fermentation products and faecal pH and tended to increase crypt depth in the descending colon of old dogs.     

Influences of population density,temperature and latitude on the growth of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva

Plasticity in life‐history traits provides advantages for introduced fish in overcoming demographic bottlenecks that would otherwise inhibit establishment. Here, the influence of population density, temperature and latitude was tested on the growth increments and growth rates of invasive populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small Asian cyprinid fish that is invasive across Europe. Aquaria experiments tested the roles of fish number and temperature on growth increments under a fixed food supply, pond experiments tested the role of density on growth increments, and a field study completed in England and Wales tested the influence of density and latitude on growth rates. In aquaria experiments, whilst growth increments were higher at 21 and 23 °C than at 19 and 25 °C, fish number had a greater influence on growth than temperature. Higher growth increments were produced at lower densities. In experimental ponds, growth increments were significantly higher in ponds with low densities of P. parva compared with those at elevated densities. In the field study comprising 10 wild populations across a latitudinal gradient of 4.0°N, a difference in mean air temperatures of approximately 3 °C, and estimated densities between 0.5 and 65.0 m^?2, population density was the only significant predictor of growth rates. Whilst populations at very low densities comprised of significantly faster growing individuals, there were no significant differences when densities were between 15 and 65 m^?2. Thus, invasive P. parva populations have considerable growth plasticity, especially at low densities, with this likely to be important in their ability to colonise new environments.     

人口老龄化对中国劳动力供给的影响分析

通过对中国人口统计的一些数据分析,研究了人口老龄化对中国劳动力供给的影响.研究结果表明,老龄化造成劳动力供给数量减少,同时老龄化影响中国劳动力供给质量.可采取应对措施:一是提高科技水平和人口素质,二是充分开发和利用老年人力资本.     

保障中俄东线天然气管道长期安全运行的若干技术思考

针对中俄东线天然气管道的实际服役状况,分析了土壤运动(冻胀与解冻沉降)对管道结构完整性的影响以及基于管体结构-土壤弹簧模型在确定管-土交互作用方面的局限性,即非线性、大应变与多轴加载评估的保守性、土壤本构模拟与真实状况的偏离,建议发展新型多模块耦合集成技术确定土壤运动产生的机械效应。明确了X80高强管线钢在服役条件下发生应变时效及其导致管线钢(尤其是焊缝区)材料韧性和止裂能力的降低,建议使用时效活化能与等效时效时间模拟、评估管线钢在漫长服役过程中发生应变时效的敏感性,并建立相应的理论基础。此外,详细分析3种常见的管道缺陷(机械损伤、腐蚀缺陷、裂纹)对管道完整性影响的评估技术现状。针对高压、大口径、高强钢天然气管道(特别是焊接金属与热影响区)在地质不稳定地区的材料韧性、裂纹扩展以及止裂能力开展实验与评价技术,建立精确的多物理场协同作用下的管道缺陷评估模型,是当前的国际性技术难题,这些问题的解决将有力保障中俄东线天然气管道以及相关油气管道的长期安全运行。     

Comparative analysis of different methods revealing the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds

Seed longevity is a very important characteristic controlling seed quality. However, the mechanism underlying this characteristic is poorly understood. In this study, 'FH7185', a storable rice variety, the germination rate of which was 66.63%, much higher than the control after artificial ageing under relative humidity 88% and 42°C for 21 days. Different methods were applied to reveal the involvement of proteins during ageing of rice seeds. In total, 35 differential proteins were identified from 2D‐PAGE, and 3,719 proteins from iTRAQ analysis. A comparison of these two methods showed that not all protein types could be detected on the 2D‐PAGE gels, and the dynamic range was somewhat limited. So the comprehensive proteome map from the iTRAQ analysis was used to identify the quantitatively regulated proteins that played roles in seed longevity, and found that the most marked change was the increased abundance of many metabolic enzymes, especially the ones involved in α‐linolenic acid metabolism in the embryos during ageing. OsLOX2 and OsLOX3 had a negative effect on seed longevity, which were lower in FH7185 than the control. The dehydrogenase (LOC_Os07g44430) which played a major catalytic role in lipid peroxidation, also changed significantly during ageing. Therefore, OsLOX2, OsLOX3 and Loc_OS 07G44430 may be involved in the regulation of seed longevity with a synergistic effect.     

完全降解(Reverte添加剂)地膜在棉花中的应用与示范

[目的]验证Reverte添加剂生物降解地膜在棉田中消除残膜污染和对棉花产量的影响.[方法]试验设置:(1)在相同田间水肥条件下,设置Reverte降解地膜与普通地膜在棉花上的生产对比试验;(2)分四个时间段,观测降解过程,测量Reverte降解地膜在棉田中的破碎情况;(3)把埋土和暴露在阳光下不同时间的8个样品放置老化箱中,测其脆化度.[结果]Reverte降解地膜与普通地膜相比,对棉花生育期和产量无明显影响;Reverte降解地膜在棉田中达到了消除残膜污染的效果.棉花诱导期120 d覆膜129 d时,地膜大面积崩裂并形成不规则小块和碎片,部分土地裸露面在85;左右,达到生物降解第一阶段(崩裂阶段).土壤表面小块残膜和埋于土壤中的残膜经红外线分析测定其羰基系数,进行计算分别为2～3月和3.8～4月进入生物降解第二阶段(生物降解阶段).[结论]Reverte生物降解地膜在棉田中有显著的崩裂,小块残膜脆裂现象.小块残膜最终在自然环境中被完全降解为二氧化碳、水,进一步研究还有待于堆肥模拟试验.     

人工催陈葡萄酒老熟的研究进展

为改善葡萄酒的品质,降低生产成本,人工催陈葡萄酒近年来已成为酿酒界研究的热点。通过介绍人工催陈葡萄酒的方法与催陈机理,概括了人工催陈葡萄酒老熟的试验条件、过程和结果,重点总结了近年来国内在此领域取得的成果。     

Morphometric Study of the Equine Navicular Bone: Age-Related Changes and Influence of Exercise

Navicular bones from the four limbs of 95 horses, classified in 9 categories, were studied. The effects of age on navicular bone morphometry and histomorphometry were estimated, after adjustment of the data to even out the effects of front and rear limbs, morphometrical type, sex, weight, and size.All the external measurements of the navicular bone decreased significantly with increasing age. From the histomorphometrical data, cortical bone volume decreased with age in most horses, whereas cancellous bone volume and, in particular, the marrow spaces increased. The increase in the cancellous bone volume could have resulted from tunnelling of the internal part of the cortex, which converted it progressively into a porous trabecular-like structure. Trabecular bone volume also decreased with age and the trabecular lattice changed dramatically to become disconnected in aged horses. These observations corresponded closely to those reported for ageing of the skeletal system in humans.However, in sporting horses, the navicular cortical bone volume increased with age and the cancellous bone volume decreased. Exercise appeared to have decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation at the endocortical junction. The cancellous bone architecture was also improved, in that the trabecular lattice and trabecular bone volume remained unchanged in aged sporting horses. Our findings confirmed that exercise may be good practice to prevent age-related bone loss.     

老芒麦衰老过程形态特征变化规律及对养分添加的响应

试验以青藏高原青海省高寒草地中广泛分布和退化草地补播改良中的常用牧草品种-‘青牧1号’老芒麦为研究对象,在青藏高原东北部,青海湖湖东地区设置1龄到6龄老芒麦自然生长田,6龄老芒麦施肥田和老芒麦连续施肥田（6年）的3个处理,测定老芒麦地上生物量和穗部特征并进行比较分析。结果表明：青牧1号老芒麦2龄和3龄地上生物量较高,3龄后逐年降低。青牧1号老芒麦地上生物量变化情况,可以分为4个阶段,1龄期,2~3龄期,4~5龄期和6龄期。老芒麦单穗重从2龄到5龄逐渐增加,6龄显著性降低。青牧1号老芒麦从2龄到5龄,单株穗重占比逐渐升高,6龄开始降低。6龄田施用氮肥和磷肥均显著提高了老芒麦地上生物量,氮肥增产效果优于磷肥。高氮（N₇₅）处理下6龄老芒麦地上生物量最高。6龄青牧1号老芒麦单穗重在N₆₀处理下最高。长期施肥可有效提高老芒麦地上生物量,N₆₀P₇₅处理下地上生物量最高,在N₇₅P₇₅处理下6龄老芒麦单穗重最高。长期不施肥,6龄老芒麦茎重比例最高。N₄₅P₉₀长期施肥处理下,茎秆重量比例下降,穗重和叶重比例相对增加明显。N₆₀P₉₀和N₇₅P₇₅长期施肥处理下,也可有效提高单株老芒麦穗重的比例。