Ultrasound-guided modified subcostal transversus abdominis plane block and influence of recumbency position on dye spread in equine cadavers

ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate an ultrasound-guided modified subcostal approach for the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in horse cadavers in lateral or dorsal recumbency.Study designProspective, experimental cadaveric study.AnimalsStudy of one preserved foal and eight fresh adult horse cadavers.MethodsThe lateral and ventral abdominal wall of a preserved cadaver was dissected to identify the muscles and nerves. A unilateral standard TAP block technique was performed (60 mL of methylene blue dye–bupivacaine) on a fresh cadaver in right lateral recumbency. A modified subcostal technique was performed on the opposite side using a linear ultrasound transducer and in-plane approach. Injection points (two 30 mL dye) were at the level of the TAP (between the rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis muscles and ventral to the cutaneous trunci muscle) perpendicular to: 1) the mid-point between the xiphoid cartilage and umbilical scar; and 2) at a point between the caudal and middle thirds of the abdomen measured from the first injection point to the umbilical scar. The modified subcostal approach was performed in seven additional cadavers in both hemiabdomens, with three cadavers in lateral and four cadavers in dorsal recumbency. Ultrasound guidance was used with all injections.ResultsThe standard approach stained the sixteenth to eighteenth thoracic nerves (T16–T18). The modified subcostal approach performed in lateral recumbency provided greater spread (T9–T17) than dorsal recumbency (T12–T18) (p = 0.016).Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe modified subcostal TAP approach resulted in extensive staining exceeding the standard approach. The nerves stained are consistent with production of ventral abdominal wall anesthesia in horses. Clinical studies are needed to verify these findings.     

Evaluation of hemostatic derangements associated with canine anaphylaxis and the relationship to syndrome severity

Objective

To describe hemostatic derangements associated with canine anaphylaxis and to assess for association with syndrome severity.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Twenty-seven client-owned dogs, recruited from November 2018 to January 2022, diagnosed with anaphylaxis of varying severity were included. Study inclusion required presentation <6 hours after initiation of clinical signs, no medications or history of illness within the prior 2 weeks, lack of comorbidities expected to affect hemostasis, and lack of a disease state that could alternatively explain the clinical presentation.

Interventions

Blood samples were collected within the first hour of presentation for CBC, serum biochemistry, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and viscoelastic coagulation testing for use with a cartridge-based point-of-care device.

Measurements and main results

Clotting time and clot formation time were prolonged, alpha angle and maximum clot firmness were decreased, PT and aPTT were prolonged, and platelet counts were lower in severe cases compared to mild and moderate cases. There were no differences for any parameter between mild and moderate cases. The presence or absence of abdominal effusion was not associated with hemostatic status.

Conclusions

Global hemostatic derangements consistent with hypocoagulability are a prominent feature of severe anaphylaxis in dogs and should be considered for routine evaluation.     

动物腹腔手术后粘连的成因及防制概述

就术后粘连发生的诱因、发生机理进行了阐述,并结合动物粘连模型的试验研究结果及临床研究结果,对预防腹腔手术后粘连的药物和方法进行了综述。     

Abdominal compartment syndrome in a dog with babesiosis

Objective: To describe a case of abdominal compartment syndrome in a dog with babesiosis. Case summary: A 9‐year‐old female Bull Terrier presented with complicated babesiosis. Additional findings including respiratory distress, abdominal distension, and a decrease in urine output associated with an elevated abdominal pressure (23.5–25 cmH₂O) led to a further diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome. This case report describes the clinical course of both conditions through resolution. New information provided: Abdominal compartment syndrome is not well described in the veterinary literature, but clinicians should be aware of this potential complication in critically ill patients. The pathophysiology and veterinary literature of abdominal compartment syndrome are reviewed.     

Description of an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block injection technique and the spread of dye in calf cadavers

ObjectivesTo describe an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath (RS) block technique in calves with injections of methylene blue and assess the extent of injectate spread and nerve staining in calf cadavers.Study designProspective, experimental, blinded cadaveric study.AnimalsA total of 16 calf cadavers weighing 30.7 ± 7.1 kg.MethodsUsing an ultrasound-guided, in-plane technique, each cadaver was injected with both a low (LV; 0.25 mL kg^–1) and high (HV; 0.5 mL kg^–1) volume of methylene blue dye. Volumes were randomly assigned to the left or right hemiabdomen. Ultrasound imaging was scored based on landmarks and needle visualization, and duration to perform injections were assessed. Dissections were performed immediately after injections. Staining of ventral branches of spinal nerves and the extent of dye spread were recorded by an anatomist unaware of treatment allocation.ResultsThe number of nerves stained in treatments LV and HV were 2.3 ± 1.7 and 4.4 ± 1.3, respectively (p = 0.0001). Branches of thoracic nerves T7–13 and lumbar nerves L1–2 were completely stained 6.3%, 6.3%, 31.3%, 62.5%, 56.3%, 37.5%, 31.3%, 6.3% and 0%, respectively, in treatment LV and 0%, 12.5%, 50%, 93.8%, 100%, 93.8%, 62.5%, 25% and 6.3%, respectively, in treatment HV. Ultrasound imaging was scored excellent in most cadavers and needle visualization deemed excellent in all injections. The mean duration to perform RS injections in both treatments was 2 (range, 1–6) minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevanceNerve staining results from treatment HV suggest that this RS injection technique could be clinically useful in ventral midline surgical procedures, including umbilical procedures, in calves. This study supports future clinical trials in calves.     

日粮能量和蛋白水平对双向选择血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度肉鸡腹脂和产肉性能的影响

对７０８只（公母各半）５～９周龄一世代高、低极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）系肉鸡进行３个代谢能水平（１３．４，１２．５，１１．６ＭＪ／ｋｇ）和３个粗蛋白水平（２２．４％，１９．４％，１６．４％）的三因子交叉的遗传－营养互作试验，以探讨肉鸡腹脂及屠体性状的遗传、营养、性别间的互作效应。结果表明：日粮对脂肪沉积的影响存在品系差异，品系与日粮代谢能互作对板油有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）；日粮代谢能和粗蛋白对高ＶＬＤＬ系板油的影响大于低ＶＬＤＬ系，高ＶＬＤＬ系板油随日粮代谢能的升高而升高，而低ＶＬＤＬ系无此规律。品系与日粮代谢能互作对肌胃脂率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），日粮代谢能对低ＶＬＤＬ系肌胃脂的影响大于高ＶＬＤＬ系，而粗蛋白对高ＶＬＤＬ系肌胃脂的影响大于低ＶＬＤＬ系。品系间肌胃脂的差异在不同日粮代谢能水平下表现不一致。品系与日粮互作对产肉性状未产生明显影响。日粮代谢能与性别间的互作对腿肌率有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），雌性腿肌率随代谢能水平的升高而降低。     

B超对犬猫腹腔弱回声区的疾病诊断与鉴别

就犬猫腹腔超声显像探查技术做了较全面、系统的阐述。通过对18例病犬、猫进行B超检查,并参考相关文献,对腹腔弱回声区提出了鉴别诊断方法。着重介绍了肝脏、脾脏、肠道、膀胱和生殖器官疾病状态下的超声显像探查方法,并提出了可供临床参考的鉴别诊断技术。     

越冬期间岩原鲤、中华倒刺鲃腹脂性质变化的研究

对嘉陵江北碚江段岩原鲤(Rocypris rabaudi Tchang)、中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbussinensis Bleeker)越冬期间腹脂皂化值、碘值的研究表明:1)越冬前期至中期,岩原鲤、中华倒刺鲃在越冬饥饿时,优先利用碳链较短、饱和性较高的脂肪酸,同时对碳链较长、不饱和性较高的脂肪酸有较高的存留率;越冬中期至后期,由于食物的补充,鱼体腹脂脂肪酸呈碳链变短、饱和性增强的趋势.2)越冬期间,随着水温的降低,岩原鲤、中华倒刺鲃腹脂脂肪酸不饱和性增高,反映了鱼体在低温下保持生物膜正常流动性的生理适应性.3)中华倒刺鲃腹脂脂肪酸不饱和性高于岩原鲤,与其活动能力强于岩原鲤有关.