多指标优化提取地榆有效成分工艺研究

采用加热回流方法提取地榆中的有效成分,分别以地榆中黄酮、皂苷和鞣质提取率为指标,考察同时提取这三种成分的影响因素（乙醇浓度、溶剂倍量、提取时间、提取温度和粒径）和最佳提取条件。结果表明,以60%乙醇为溶剂,药材粉碎粒径为20～40目,溶剂倍量为60,80℃下浸提1.5h的条件下提取效果最佳,在此条件下能够最好的兼顾三种有效成分的综合提取效率。     

超声波提取红景天鞣质工艺的优化

[目的]对红景天[Rhodiola crenulata（Hook.f.etThoms.）H.Ohba]鞣质超声波提取工艺进行优化。[方法]在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验优化红景天鞣质提取的工艺;采用干酪素法测定鞣质含量。[结果]红景天鞣质的提取最佳工艺条件为：70%丙酮溶剂,料液比为1∶10,超声功率为450 W,提取时间15 min。在最佳工艺条件下,红景天鞣质提取率为5.17 mg/m。l[结论]该研究为红景天鞣质的进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。     

酸枣根中鞣质含量测定及提取工艺研究

[目的]优化酸枣根鞣质的提取工艺,建立稳定的酸枣根中鞣质的含量测定方法。[方法]用干酪素法测定总鞣质的含量,并以提取物中鞣质含量为评价指标,以丙酮浓度、提取时间、料液比及提取次数为考察因素,采用正交设计法筛选酸枣根的提取工艺条件。[结果]提取次数为主要影响因素;最佳提取条件为:超声提取的丙酮浓度为70%,料液比为1∶20(W/V,g/ml,下同),提取时间为30 min,提取3次;在此条件下,酸枣根中鞣质的含量为6.82%。[结论]所优选的鞣质提取工艺合理,操作简便可行。     

黑荆树树皮单宁组分研究——Ⅲ.原花色素的分离鉴定及其~(13)C NMR特征(英文)

从我国江西四年生黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii)树皮单宁中分离鉴定了三个二聚原花色素:刺槐亭醇-(4α→8)-儿茶素、菲瑟亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素和刺槐亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素。其中刺槐亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素为首次从黑荆树树皮中以天然形式分离得到,为一新天然化合物。文中首次对黑剂树树皮二聚原花色素的~(13)CNMR进行了报道,并就其特征和确定二聚原花色素的相对和绝对构型进行了讨论。     

不同棕榈植物单宁含量的季节性变化(英文)

探讨了3种棕榈植物的总酚、可溶性单宁、结合态单宁和总缩合单宁含量的季节性变化规律。研究结果表明:布迪椰子的总酚、可溶性单宁和总缩合单宁含量在4个季节中几乎没有变化;沼地棕和油棕的总酚含量在冬季显著提高;布迪椰子和沼地棕的结合态单宁在冬季明显下降,而油棕不然;布迪椰子总缩合单宁含量与总酚含量的变化趋势相似,沼地棕和油棕的总缩合单宁含量与总酚含量的变化趋势不同。     

Effect of polyethylene glycol 4000 supplementation on the performance of indigenous Pedi goats fed different levels of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia nilotica</Emphasis> leaf meal and <Emphasis Type="Italic">ad libitum</Emphasis> Buffalo grass hay

In a first of two experiments, twenty yearling male Pedi goats weighing 21.3 ± 0.5 kg live weight were used in a 37-day study in a 2 (levels of PEG 4000) × 2 (levels of Acacia) Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomised Design to determine the effect of the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g polyethylene glycol 4000 on diet intake and digestibility, and growth rate of Pedi goats fed ad libitum Buffalo grass hay. Acacia nilotica leaf meal contained high amounts of total phenolics (2.04 % DM) and low amounts of condensed tannins; both extracted (0.37 % DM) and unextracted (1.83 % DM). Supplementation with PEG 4000 increased (P < 0.05) crude protein intake as the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal increased from 80 to 120 g. Similarly, treatment with PEG 4000 improved (P < 0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibilities when compared to 80 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal. Supplementation with PEG 4000 resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in blood urea concentrations. Polyethylene glycol 4000 has the potential to improve the feeding value of A. nilotica leaf meal and can, therefore, be used in the feeding systems for ruminant animals. The second experiment determined the effect of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation on in vitro digestibility of the diets similar to the actual ratios of the first experiment. Level of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation improved (P < 0.05) in vitro DM, OM and CP digestibilities where 120 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. Similarly, 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) in vitro CP digestibility where 80 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. In vivo DM and OM digestibilities were best predicted from in vitro DM and OM digestibilities while in vivo CP was explained by in vitro OM and CP digestibilities. It is, therefore, concluded that in vitro DM and OM digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo DM and OM digestibilities while OM and CP digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo CP digestibility.     

Polyethylene glycol influences feeding behaviour of dairy goats browsing on bushland with different herbage cover

The effects of supplemental polyethylene glycol (PEG) on feeding behaviour, diet composition, intake and milk production were studied in late lactating Sarda goats browsing on a lentisk-based bushland with different herbage cover. The goats were allotted to two groups that browsed 7 h daily on 2 plots characterised by different cover proportions of woody and herbaceous species. These proportions were 90% woody vs. 10% herbaceous species in one plot (W — woody, close bushland with low herbage cover) and 70% woody vs. 30% herbaceous species in the other plot (H — herbaceous, open bushland with high herbage cover). Each group was divided into two sub-groups: one fed with 50 g day^− 1 of PEG 4000 MW (PEG⁺) and the other receiving no PEG supplementation (PEG⁻). The feeding behaviour was different between groups; goats in herbaceous plot (H-goats), had a longer grazing time, expressed as percentage of total observation time than the counterparts (64% vs. 58%, P < 0.05). The intake was not affected by the treatments. The percentage of the species eaten by the goats was different in the two groups: H-goats ate more herbaceous and less woody species than goats in woody plot (W-goats). In each group the PEG tended to affect the botanical composition of the diet. PEG dosed goats ate more tanniferous species than control counterparts (P = 0.12). The average daily milk production was 473, 591, 541 and 589 ml, respectively in W-PEG^−, W-PEG⁺, H-PEG⁻ and H-PEG⁺ sub-groups with significant effect of herbage cover × PEG dose interaction (P < 0.05). The milk urea was affected by herbage cover (P < 0.001) and PEG supplementation (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the effect of PEG is strictly dependent on pasture composition. In open bushland, featured by moderate woody cover, the effect of PEG is more intense on diet selection, due to its marked post-ingestive effects. In close bushland, characterised by high proportion of tanniferous species prevails the efficacy of PEG as a performance booster.     

Changes in the spatial structure of oak carbon-based secondary compounds after pine harvesting

In natural plant populations, leaf polyphenols show high intraspecific variation that occurs both temporally and spatially. Leaf phenolics may be induced by diverse ecological factors such as light, nitrogen availability or herbivory attack. Both light and nitrogen availability can show spatial structure in forested stands, meaning that they each have a high degree of autocorrelation, which can determine the appearance of spatial structure in leaf polyphenols. However, the availability of these resources may be drastically changed by forest disturbance, and little is known about the effect of forest disturbance on the spatial pattern and scale of leaf secondary compounds. We hypothesise that the spatial structure of leaf polyphenols in understory vegetation will disappear due to forest harvesting, because these compounds depend on light availability, yet it will remain unaltered for those compounds that either depend on the availability of other resources or are under major genetic control. The study was performed in young pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) populations growing either under a pine canopy (Pinus pinaster) stand or in a pine harvested stand in NW Spain. The spatial structures of green and senescent leaf polyphenols, tannins, non-tannin polyphenols and nitrogen were analysed in both stands using geostatistical analysis. The spatial structures observed for green and senescent leaf polyphenols and tannins in the forested stand disappeared in the harvested stand. However, non-tannin polyphenols, as well as nitrogen, showed spatial structure in both stands. Understanding these changes may be important for the successful recovery of native oak populations growing under pine forests in NW Spain, one of the priorities of the local government. Our results showed that changes in the concentration of leaf secondary compounds after disturbance may be accompanied by differences in their spatial properties, which may have important consequences for ecosystem function.     

4种热带灌木饲用价值研究

测定了银合欢、大叶千斤拔、木豆和假木豆等4种常见热带灌木的主要营养成分和单宁含量及在舍饲条件下海南黑山羊对4种供试植物的采食量,采用饲料相对值RFV( Relative Feed Value)和粗饲料分级指数GI( Grading Index)对4种热带灌木的饲用品质进行了评定,并对干物质采食量与供试植物营养成分和单宁含量作了相关性分析.结果表明:2种评定体系分析表明,4种供试植物都有较高的饲用价值,且其在2种评定体系中的排序完全一致;海南黑山羊对热带灌木的采食量显著受到植物中干物质、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、单宁含量的影响,海南黑山羊对干物质含量高且单宁含量低的植物有较高的采食量.     

不同生境中苦槠叶片取食率·损失率及单宁含量变化关系

[目的]研究不同生境下苦槠（Castanopsis sclerophylla）叶片取食率、损失率与单宁含量变化的关系。[方法]选取损失率在1%以下的叶片研究不同叶龄之间单宁含量的差别。从老叶中随机取样研究叶片损失率对单宁含量的影响。[结果]新叶与老叶在取食率、损失率方面无显著差异,但老叶的单宁含量明显高于新叶,且叶片内单宁含量的变化随取食强度的增加有增加的趋势。岛屿生境中叶片单宁含量显著高于陆地生境。[结论]为进一步研究岛屿生境对植株次生代谢物（如单宁）的产生及其他生理机制的影响奠定了基础。