气化渣复配调理剂对风沙土土壤性质及高羊茅生长的影响

使用高羊茅作为指示作物,采用田间小区及随机区组的试验方法,研究施用不同含量的气化渣复配土壤调理剂ET1（1 000 kg/667 m²）、ET2（2 000 kg/667 m²）、ET3（ 4 000 kg/667 m²）、ET4（8 000 kg/667 m²）对风沙土土壤性质的影响。结果表明：（1）施用气化渣复配土壤调理剂可有效改良风沙土的物理性状。与CK相比,土壤含水量平均增幅18.12%;土壤容重平均降幅3.23%;地温平均增幅2.68%;（2）施用气化渣复配土壤调理剂可有效改良风沙土的化学性状。（3）施用气化渣复配土壤调理剂可有效改良高羊茅的农艺性状。土壤地温的增加可以使作物安全越冬、提高种子存活率。因此,气化渣复配土壤调理剂能有效改善风沙土土壤的理化性状,显著改善高羊茅的农艺性状,并且使用8 000 kg/667 m²的气化渣复配土壤调理剂为最佳选择。     

基于转录组测序的高羊茅分蘖与株高相关差异表达基因分析

分蘖与株高是禾本科草类植物重要的农艺性状,明确参与调控分蘖与株高的基因类型对牧草和草坪草分子辅助育种具有重要意义。以表型差异明显的两个高羊茅品种“Kentucky-31”（K31）和“Regenerate”为材料,旨在构建高羊茅分蘖节转录组图谱,挖掘在分蘖节部位调控生长发育相关的差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes,DEGs）。基于高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq 2500×Miseq 300进行转录组测序,并将得到的数据进行de novo组装,结果共获得77872条单基因簇（unigene）。将获得的unigenes与非冗余蛋白数据库（non-redundant protein database,NR）、蛋白质数据库（universal protein,Uniprot）、基因本体数据库（gene ontology,GO）、东京基因与基因组数据库（kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）以及直系同源蛋白簇（clusters of orthologous groups,COG）数据库进行比对,结果显示：分别有59927、40213、44447、15146和13767条unigenes成功获得注释。“Regenerate”与“K31”对比有1573个上调DEGs和1441个下调DEGs。GO富集分析发现,DEGs主要富集在细胞、细胞组分、大分子复合物组装等生物过程。DEGs中共注释到42个差异表达转录因子,主要包括TCP、WRKY和ARF等19种类型。还注释到与8类植物激素相关的DEGs,包括生长素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、赤霉素、乙烯、油菜素甾醇、水杨酸和茉莉酸。利用实时荧光定量PCR对DEGs进行表达模式验证,发现其与RNA-Seq测序结果一致,证实了测序结果的准确性。研究结果丰富了高羊茅的转录组序列资源,初步获得控制株高及分蘖发育的候选因子,为进一步开展基因功能及分子育种研究提供了理论支持。     

高羊茅腐解物的自毒作用初探

为探明高羊茅草坪逐年退化现象是否与化感作用有关,在室内用生物测定方法测定了高羊茅腐解物对高羊茅自身的化感作用,并探讨了相关的作用机制。结果表明,高羊茅腐解液能抑制高羊茅种子的萌发和幼苗生长,且腐解液质量浓度越大,抑制作用越明显。在腐解液质量浓度为0.06 g/mL时,其对高羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗高、单株鲜质量的抑制率分别达58.64%、81.68%、73.34%、81.63%、37.86%、41.13%、30.43%。随着高羊茅腐解液质量浓度的增加,其幼苗SOD活性先升后降;POD活性与空白对照差异不显著;CAT活性先升后降,在高质量浓度时,与空白对照的差异达到显著水平;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量持续升高;可溶性蛋白含量下降。可见,高羊茅残体腐解是其草坪逐年退化的原因之一。     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 1. Establishment and Herbage Production

Newly developed candidate cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. L. arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) were evaluated over four years for persistence and productivity against current commercial cultivars in small plots at five locations selected for lower and less reliable rainfall and difficult soils (low pH and high Al) in south‐eastern Australia known to be marginally too dry for these grass species. The five locations were ‐ representing summer dominant rainfall, Inverell, in northern New South Wales (NSW); ‐ representing uniform rainfall; Trungley Hall, (medium rainfall), and Beckom (lower rainfall) both in southern NSW; and; representing a winter dominant pattern ‐ Eversley, (higher rainfall), and Bealiba, (lower rainfall), in central Victoria. The objective was to determine if the new candidate cultivars were more likely to persist and to be productive than current commercial cultivars. The study showed that most phalaris and cocksfoot treatments were highly productive in high rainfall years at one or both sites in southern NSW. However, all treatments had become much less productive by the end of the experimental period due to plant loss under hot, dry conditions in the final summer. At Bealiba in central Victoria, cocksfoot was the most productive species with several cocksfoot treatments of both subsp. hispanica and subsp. glomerata still present at the final harvest despite a hot and dry final summer‐autumn. Tall fescue was the most productive species in the two higher rainfall environments (Inverell, Eversley) although most treatments of all species performed well at those sites. Continental tall fescues were more productive on average than Mediterranean tall fescues at the strongly acidic Eversley site. As a result of this work, two of the new cocksfoot candidates (Moroccan Fine and AVH48 Selection) and one of the tall fescue candidates (Summer Active 1) have been licensed for commercial development and release.     

不同配方营养液对水培高羊茅的影响

[目的]为了探索适合草坪水培栽培的营养液。[方法]以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)为材料,进行不同营养液配方对水培高羊茅生长的影响研究。[结果]在5种营养液配方中,霍格兰营养液培养的高羊茅株高、单株叶片数、单株分蘖数、植株鲜干重(生物量)以及根系活力等各项指标最好,是高羊茅水培的最佳营养液配方,斯泰纳配方培养的高羊茅各项指标最差,与其他营养液配方之间差异显著,故不适宜作为高羊茅水培的营养液。[结论]该研究可为水培建植草坪所需营养液选择提供参考,并为草坪水培技术的进一步研究提供参考。     

Inflorescence and seed production in festuca pratensis var. apennina (2n\t=28)

Summary Plants of tetraploid Festuca pratensis var. apennina (2n=28) collected from Switserland and Northern Italy produced few inflorescences when grown in the field and under glasshouse conditions. The effects of winter and spring treatments upon reproductive growth were investigated and it was concluded that exposure to low winter temperatures and the control of tiller density in the spring were two important factors controlling the production of inflorescences. A procedure for the production of seed is suggested which will allow breeders to obtain efficient multiplication of collected plant material.     

4个高羊茅品种幼苗期抗旱性比较研究

本试验以4个不同品种的高羊茅为材料,在幼苗期对其进行5种不同水势(0MPa、-0.3MPa、-0.6MPa、-0.9MPa、-1.2MPa)的PEG-6000人工模拟干旱胁迫,从丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量以及抗氧化保护酶活性等几个生理生化指标着手,对其抗旱性进行了对比研究.试验数据表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,高羊茅幼苗叶片中MDA、Pro和Car含量呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先降后升的趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升后降的趋势.同时发现,高羊茅幼苗期的耐旱极限范围可能在-0.9MPa水势左右.最后利用综合聚类分析法得出这4个高羊茅品种的抗旱性强弱为:贝克的抗旱性较强,家园的抗旱性较弱,火凤凰和爱瑞3的抗旱性一般.     

苜蓿与草地羊茅单混播根系生理变化与抗寒性的关系

为了探究紫花苜蓿与禾草单、混播越冬期根系生理变化与抗寒性的关系,以龙牧806、敖汉苜蓿、草原3号3个品种为试材,以草地羊茅为混播禾草,在我国黑龙江省东部地区,分别设置苜蓿单播区与苜蓿-草地羊茅混播区,调查苜蓿越冬率,测定苜蓿根系在秋末至翌年春可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸含量及过氧化物酶(POD)活性等4项指标的动态变化,并运用隶属函数法进行抗寒性综合评判。结果表明,品种不同,苜蓿单混播越冬率表现不一;苜蓿与禾草混播效果好于单播,混播越冬率达到90%以上;草原3号与龙牧806单、混播越冬率差异显著,不同品种之间单播越冬率差异不显著。各品种单播区与混播区苜蓿根系可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及游离脯氨酸含量均随气温下降而增加,翌年春,随气温回升而降低,其中可溶性糖含量在10月末达到最大值,平均含量为15.27%;草原3号和龙牧806单混播可溶性蛋白在10月末达到最大值,敖汉苜蓿单混播则是在11月中旬达到最高值;游离脯氨酸则在11月中旬达到最高值,且草原3号混播组合值最高,为21.84 mg·g-1。POD活性随温度变化呈现先升后降再上升的变化趋势。供试组合抗寒性大小依次为草原3号+草地羊茅龙牧806+草地羊茅草原3号龙牧806敖汉+草地羊茅敖汉苜蓿。本研究结果为提高紫花苜蓿在高寒地区的适应性提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

草地早熟禾与高羊茅不同混播比例对草坪质量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了草地早熟禾和高羊茅不同混播比例对草坪质量的影响,以期为北方地区草坪建植提供依据。结果表明:播量一定时,随草地早熟禾比例减小、高羊茅比例增大,草坪成坪速度越快,密度越小,质地越差,颜色越深,地下植物量越大,地上植物量呈先增大后减小的趋势,草地早熟禾∶高羊茅为2∶8处理组合地上、地下植物量均最大。当高羊茅在混播组合中的比例60%后,草坪密度、质地、地上植物量趋于稳定。6种处理组合草坪综合质量从优到劣依次为AFEBCD。综合考虑成坪速度和草坪质量,草地早熟禾和高羊茅混播建坪的比例以2∶8为宜。     

四倍体苇状羊茅和多花黑麦草F_1杂种的幼胚培养及再生植株的形态特征

研究了在直接成苗培养基上不萌动的四倍体苇状羊茅和多花黑麦草杂种幼胚通过诱导愈伤组织获得再生杂种苗的方法。结果表明，杂种愈伤组织随着继代培养时间的延长，分化成苗能力逐步下降，在不改变培养基的情况下，分化能力可保持８个月；改变脱分化培养基中ＮＨ４ＮＯ３或ＫＮＯ３的浓度可显著提高愈伤组织的分化能力。此外，还讨论了再生植株的形态变异