The hypocalcemic response to protamine as a measure of bone resorption

The heparin antagonist protamine inhibits bone resorption. In the present study protamine was given i.v. at a dose of 10 mg/kg to goats and sheep in various stages of pregnancy and lactation. It is known that bone resorption increases as pregnancy progresses. In sheep maximum in bone resportion is reached at early lactation. The hypocalcemic response to protamine followed a similar course. The slightest decrease in serum calcium was obtained during early pregnancy and the greatest during late pregnancy and early lactation. Protamine increased serum inorganic phosphorus. The increase was most pronounced during early pregnancy. Protamine did not significantly change serum magnesium.Five lactating ewes were given 25000 i.u./kg of vitamin D3. Serum calcium increased and the hypocalcemic response to protamine was greater after vitamin D₃ administration than before.The results showed that the hypocalcemic response to protamine can be used as an indicator of the role of bone resorption in calcium homeostasis in various physiological situations.     

Relationship between blood calcium level and ST peak interval of electrocardiographic variables in peripartum Holstein cows

The association between blood calcium levels and electrocardiographic variables was compared in 137 normal parturient and 36 peripartum recumbent Holstein cows to determine whether hypocalcemia in peripartum dairy cows can be rapidly diagnosed using electrocardiograph. Inverse of STc (ST peak interval/SS interval^0.5) and blood ionized calcium or serum calcium concentrations were strongly correlated, and both correlation coefficients were 0.81 (P<0.001). The 95% prediction interval indicated that cows with STc >0.385 ± 0.001 sec are very likely to be hypocalcemic (blood ionized or serum calcium concentrations of <0.9 mmol/l or <7.5 mg/dl, respectively). These findings indicate that hypocalcemia in parturient cows can be non-invasively estimated using the STc.     

T lymphocyte responses during early enteric Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle

Johne's disease (JD) is a costly intestinal disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which is transmitted to perinatal calves by the fecal-oral route. Disease control efforts focus on identification and culling of infected cattle from herds; therefore failure to identify animals early is a major obstacle to reducing transmission. Development of host immunity during early JD remain incompletely characterized so detecting subclinical JD using immunologic techniques is a substantial challenge in the field. Development of a test with high sensitivity and specificity is a major research goal with significant implications for the cattle industry. The objectives of this study were to compare early Map-specific T lymphocyte responses in naive, experimentally Map infected and Map vaccinated calves using a subcutaneous matrigel biopolymer-based assay. We examined the phenotype of recruited lymphocytes and local interferon gamma (IFNγ) production within subcutaneously placed matrigel containing Map antigen 30 days after experimentally induced intestinal Map infection or Map vaccination. We show that IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells are recruited to matrigel sites in vaccinated but not infected or naïve calves. γδ T cells recruited to matrigel sites of Map-infected calves were mostly WC1-, while γδ T cells recruited to matrigel sites of Map-vaccinated calves were predominantly WC1+. IFNγ at matrigel sites was a discriminating factor between infected calves, naïve calves and vaccinated calves. These data contribute to our understanding of early anti-Map immunity, and may be useful for detecting early intestinal Map infections in calves or for enhancing our ability to discriminate between Map-infected and Map-vaccinated calves.     

肉牛母牛生产瘫痪的防治

[目的]为了掌握张掖肉牛母牛生产瘫痪的发生与治疗方法。[方法]对一例产前瘫痪母牛和一例产后瘫痪母牛进行药物治疗。[结果]两例生产瘫痪母牛经过准确诊断和及时合理治疗得到康复。[结论]生产瘫痪是发生于高产奶牛的代谢性疾病,但近年来张掖肉牛母牛偶有发生,对张掖肉牛母牛生产瘫痪的治疗,只要诊断正确,治疗及时,合理用药,定能取得满意的治疗效果。     

张家口地区奶牛隐性乳腺炎的流行特点

在春夏秋冬四个不同的季节采集张家口地区奶牛的奶样,通过CMT法检测奶牛隐性乳腺炎的发病率。结果个体阳性平均率为52.3%,阳性乳区平均率为19.2%,奶牛隐性乳腺炎的发病率与季节没有明显的相关性、与胎次呈正相关,后乳区的阳性率明显高于前乳区。     

对奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律的探究

[目的]进一步探讨奶牛隐性乳房炎发生与自然月份、胎次、乳区、牛舍、泌乳月等的关系,以便更好的掌握奶牛隐性乳房炎与外界环境及奶牛泌乳生理状态的关系,为隐性乳房炎的预防和治疗提供科学的依据。[方法]2008年11月至2009年4月通过对南方某牧场泌乳牛群进行隐性乳房炎的CMT逐月检测,分析了奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生规律。[结果]表明,该场奶牛隐性乳房炎二、三胎牛阳性率极显著高于其他胎次（P〈0.01）;第五、第六个泌乳月和第九个泌乳月以上牛新感染阳性率极显著高于其它牛（P〈0.01）,左乳区阳性率高于右乳区。[结论]隐性乳房炎的发生率有随着胎次和泌乳时间的增加而提高的趋势。     

Prevalence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in 15 dairy herds in the Republic of Ireland

: Milk samples from 285 cows in 15 dairy herds were collected for bacteriological analysis. Cows were selected on the basis of a somatic cell count (SCC) exceeding 200,000 cells per ml at the three most recent milk recordings prior to sampling. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis were the predominant isolates accounting for 21% (n = 61) and 19% (n = 53) of isolates, respectively. Streptococcus uberis was more frequently isolated from split-calving herds than from spring-calving herds and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.005). Herds with suboptimal housing had a significantly greater prevalence of S. uberis than did herds where housing was adequate (P < 0.005). The isolation rates for S. aureus was significantly greater in herds where parlour hygiene was suboptimal (P < 0.05).     

25例犬低镁血症病例报告

对就诊的25例犬低镁血症的发病特点、临床表现、实验室检查结果、治疗及转归等方面进行分析,结果表明低镁血症病犬血清镁浓度均低于0.7mmol/L。以肉和鸡肝为主食及胃肠炎是引发犬低镁血症的主要原因。及时静注硫酸镁溶液,合理搭配日粮,全价营养,可有效纠正低镁血症。对患有胃肠炎、低钙血症等表现神经症状的病犬监测血清镁离子可早期发现低镁血症。     

Prevalence of campylobacter in pigs during fattening; an epidemiological study

Summary

Numerous epidemiological reports implicate foods of animal origin as vehicles of human campylobacteriosis. Pigs are probably an important reservoir of campylobacter and a potential source of human infection. In order to improve our knowledge of the epidemiology of campylobacter in pigs, the prevalence of campylobacter and its contamination of feed were monitored in eight pig farms. Faeces samples of pigs aged 11 and 22 weeks, and samples of rectal, ileal and gastric content at a slaughterhouse were collected for bacteriological examination. On 5 farms, subsequent groups of pigs housed in the same stalls was sampled, too. A selection of the campylobacter isolates was characterized with a genetic typing method (RFLP). More than 85% of the sampled porkers were shown to be intestinal carriers of campylobacter at all stages of fattening. Subsequent groups of pigs housed in the same stalls were all carriers, too. The level of campylobacters in the faeces tended to decrease as the pigs got older. There was no difference in the frequency and level of infection with campylobacter between porkers on different farms. The feeding system (wet feed versus dry pellets) did not seem to influence the prevalence of campylobacter although wet feed gave lower counts of Enterobacteriaceae in the faeces.

RFLP‐typing showed a high diversity of campylobacter strains at each sampling on the farm. Similarities were seen between strains isolated during two subsequent samplings of the same group of pigs, but not between strains isolated on the same farm from subsequent groups of pigs housed in the same stall. This suggests that the piglets were already infected at a young age on the breeding farm.     

基于DHI的奶牛隐性乳房炎分析

[目的]分析奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生情况,为隐性乳房炎的控制提供科学依据。[方法]以3个牛场2009年DHI报告的体细胞数大小来分析隐性乳房炎在不同牛场、泌乳阶段和胎次的发生情况。[结果]不同牛场隐性乳房炎发生率存在差异,牛场1泌乳牛隐性乳房炎的发生率显著低于另外2个场（P〈0.05）。随着泌乳时间的增加,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率呈增加的趋势,牛场3在第6、7、8和第12泌乳月隐性乳房炎的发生率显著高于其他泌乳月。随着胎次的增加,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率呈增加趋势,牛场1在4胎以后奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率显著增加且与其他2个场差异不显著（P〉0.05）。[结论]奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生率与泌乳阶段和胎次有关,与牛场自身的饲养管理有关。各个牛场应根据自身条件及DHI结果采取相应的措施控制奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生。