黑土春玉米田氮素的淋溶风险与阻控机制研究

为阐明黑土春玉米田氮素的淋溶风险与阻控机制,运用田间原位15N示踪技术,设常规垄作、免耕无秸秆覆盖和免耕100%秸秆覆盖(秸秆量为7500 kg·hm~(-2))3个处理,量化了长期免耕秸秆覆盖措施下氮素在不同形态氮库中的转化特征、淋溶运移规律和去向。结果表明:农民常规施肥量条件下,常规垄作、免耕无秸秆覆盖和免耕全量秸秆覆盖均已导致东北黑土春玉米田0～300cm土壤剖面中分别累积461.6kg(N)·hm~(-2)、450.7kg(N)·hm~(-2)和439.7kg(N)·hm~(-2)的矿质氮,且主要是硝态氮(占比分别为84.2%、79.5%和81.7%),存在着氮素的淋溶损失风险。当季施入肥料氮对玉米苗期和抽雄期0～40cm土层总硝态氮库累积的贡献率平均为60.9%和58.0%,其淋溶损失风险较高。与常规垄作处理相比,免耕全量秸秆覆盖降低了0～40 cm土层肥料氮向矿质氮库的转化,降低比例达20.8%;增加了其向黏土矿物固定态铵和有机氮库的转化,提高比例分别为39.4%和30.5%。0～20cm土层,黏土矿物对肥料来源铵的固定能力和微生物对肥料来源矿质氮的固持能力基本相当;20～40cm土层,固持能力前者高于后者,说明外源碳输入的数量及其与土壤微生物的接触程度共同决定着对矿质氮的固持潜能。通过免耕和秸秆覆盖调控机制,可阻控黑土春玉米田矿质氮在土壤剖面的大量积累,使氮肥利用效率和玉米产量均提高9.7%,氮肥的气态损失降低27.7%,延缓肥料氮向深层土壤剖面淋溶运移的速率。     

酸贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛试验初报

以酸贮玉米秸秆(添加复合有机酸)为试验组日粮粗饲料,以一般青贮玉米秸秆为对照组日粮粗饲料饲喂奶牛,探讨酸贮玉米秸秆的饲喂效果。结果表明:(1)试验组与对照组相比,产奶量平均提高7．35％,乳脂率平均提高0．76％。(2)试验组与对照组相比,每头牛每日平均多增加经济收入为1．29元。(3)用酸贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,经济效益明显,整个试验期奶牛健康状况良好。     

不同品种玉米植株3种调制方法效果比较

为探讨品种和调制方法对玉米(Zea mays L.)植株品质的影响,选用中原单32、农大86、农大95、农大108、农大高油115为研究对象,于蜡熟期取样进行全株青贮、去穗秸秆青贮、秸秆干燥堆放处理。经贮存45d后,取样分析表明,各品种全株玉米青贮饲料的pH显著低于去穗玉米秸秆青贮饲料(P<0.05),而相应乳酸含量则显著较高(除品种农大86以外)(P<0.05),全株玉米青贮饲料的CP含量显著高于去穗玉米秸秆青贮饲料(P<0.05),NDF和ADF含量则相应较低,表明全株玉米青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养价值优于去穗玉米秸秆青贮饲料;干燥堆放玉米秸秆的CP含量因品种而有差异,其NDF和ADF含量都高于相应青贮饲料,表明干燥堆放秸秆的营养价值较低。中原单32全株玉米青贮饲料的CP含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),并且含有适度的NDF和ADF。总体而言,玉米植株以全株青贮为宜,而且全株青贮时,中原单32品质优于其它品种。     

玉米秸秆低温降解菌的分离与鉴定及复配菌降解效果研究

在15℃下利用纤维素刚果红培养基，采用平板涂布法分离具有明显水解圈的单菌株11株，并根据单菌特性进行有效组配，在液态、固态和模拟环境培养模式下，通过测定滤纸酶活性及玉米秸秆降解率进行复配菌筛选及降解效果评价。组配获得10组复配菌，复配菌A、D、G在15℃条件下培养可分解滤纸，且复配菌的降解能力优于单菌。复配菌在3种培养模式条件下的玉米秸秆降解率总体趋势为模拟环境培养>固体培养≥液体培养，其中复配菌G在模拟环境培养条件下降解效果最优，滤纸酶活性（FPA）为32.96 U/mL，较CK增加20.98 U/mL；秸秆降解率为47.56%，较CK增加21.56%。经16SrDNA分子鉴定，复配菌G由Pseudomonas sp.、Cellulosimicrobiumcellulans、Achromobactermarplatensis、Pseudomonas fuscovaginae组成。     

秸秆预处理对米根霉发酵产L-乳酸的影响

[目的]有效提高秸秆利用率。[方法]研究了不同种类洗涤剂预处理对秸秆酸水解液发酵产乳酸的影响。[结果]未经处理的秸秆,米根霉利用其酸水解液发酵,在发酵36h时,乳酸含量最高为1.98g/L,糖酸转化率为5.36%,而采用中性及碱性洗涤剂对秸秆进行预处理,均能够提高米根霉转化秸秆水解液为乳酸的转化率,其中2%皂粉预处理效果最好,其秸秆酸水解液发酵36h,产乳酸量为8.68g/L,发酵60h,乳酸含量达到最高10.64 g/L,糖酸转化率为43.02%。[结论]皂粉处理是较为理想的一种秸秆预处理方法。     

酸贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛试验初报

以酸贮玉米秸秆(添加复合有机酸)为试验组日粮粗饲料,以一般青贮玉米秸秆为对照组日粮粗饲料饲喂奶牛,探讨酸贮玉米秸秆的饲喂效果。结果表明：(1)试验组与对照组相比,产奶量平均提高7.35%,乳脂率平均提高0.76%。(2)试验组与对照组相比,每头牛每日平均多增加经济收入为1.29元。(3)用酸贮玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,经济效益明显,整个试验期奶牛健康状况良好。     

Management and cultivar effects on ruminant nutritional quality of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) stover: II. Effects of cultivar choice on stover quality and productivity

The paper investigates the variation in laboratory fodder quality traits in stover of 16 cultivars of pearl millet grown over 2 consecutive years and subjected to two different fertilizer regimes and planting densities. Stover quality traits were nitrogen and sugar content, in vitro digestibility and metabolizable energy content as well as yield of digestible and metabolizable stover. Significant (P < 0.05) cultivar-dependent variations were observed for all these quality traits. Stover nitrogen contents were mostly below the levels (1.2% of dry matter) considered to be the minimum required for efficient feed digestion in the rumen, but choice of cultivar plus nitrogen fertilizer application could raise nitrogen levels to near, equal or above this threshold. Stover sugar contents were below 5% and mostly concentrated in the stems. Across management regimes stover in vitro digestibility varied by about 4% units, and by about 3–5% units within individual management regimes. Stover metabolizable energy contents of cultivars varied such that stover from superior cultivars could provide the energy maintenance requirement of livestock and theoretically moderate levels of live weight gains, while livestock fed on stover from poor cultivars would lose live weight. Yields of digestible and metabolizable stover (yield of stover dry matter times stover in vitro digestibility/metabolizable energy) varied among cultivars by at least 1.7-fold. Stover quality traits and grain yields of cultivars were largely unrelated (P > 0.05) suggesting that high stover quality will not be achieved on the expense of grain yield. Heritabilities for stover quality traits were high (h² > 0.73) except for stover nitrogen content (h² > 0.56).     

Determinants of ruminant nutritional quality of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] stover: I. Effects of management alternatives on stover quality and productivity

The paper investigates management and cultivar type effects on pearl millet stover yield and fodder quality. Sixteen pearl millet cultivars available to farmers in India were selected to represent three cultivar types: (1) traditional landrace germplasm from the arid/semi-arid millet production zones, (2) improved dual-purpose (grain and stover) open-pollinated varieties incorporating differing amounts of traditional landrace germplasm and (3) commercial, grain-type F1 hybrids, bred for use in the arid/semi-arid zone. The cultivars were grown for 2 years (2000 and 2001) at high fertility (HF: 65 kg N ha⁻¹ and 18 kg P ha⁻¹) and low fertility (LF: 21 kg N ha⁻¹ and 9 kg P ha⁻¹). Within each fertility level high (HP) and low (LP) plant population densities were established by varying sowing rate and then thinning to the target populations (HP: 11 plants m⁻² and LP: 5 plants m⁻²). Stover fodder quality traits (nitrogen concentration, sugar content, in vitro digestibility and metabolizable energy content) were analyzed using a combination of conventional laboratory analysis and near infrared spectroscopy. In general, fertility level and cultivar type had strong effects on grain and stover yields, and on a range of stover nutritional quality traits, but with significant year interactions. In contrast, the effect of population density on these variables was largely insignificant. Higher fertilizer application significantly increased grain and stover yields and stover nitrogen concentration, in vitro digestibility and metabolizable energy content. As a result, fertilization resulted in significant increases in the yields of both digestible and metabolizable stover. Landrace cultivars as a group produced higher quality fodder than modern hybrids, but at a significant cost in grain yield. Dual-purpose, open-pollinated cultivars were generally intermediate between the landraces and hybrids, in terms of both stover quality and grain yield, but produced the highest yields of both digestible and metabolizable stover. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for Indian pearl millet farmers with various resource levels and farming objectives.