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排序方式: 共有222条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%. 相似文献
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In mountainous Mediterranean regions, land abandonment processes in past decades are hypothesized to trigger secondary vegetal
succession and homogenization, which in recent years has increased the size of burned areas. We conducted an analysis of temporal
changes in landscape vegetal spatial pattern over a 15-year period (1984–1998) in a rural area of 672.3 km2 in Eastern Spain to investigate the relationship between local landscape heterogeneity and wildfire occurrence. Heterogeneity
was analyzed from textural metrics derived from non-classified remote sensing data at several periods, and was related to
wildfire history in the study area. Several neural network models found significant relationships between local spatial pattern
and future fire occurrence. In this study, sensitivity analysis of the texture variables suggested that fire occurrence, estimated
as probability of burning in the near future, increased where local homogeneity was higher. 相似文献
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The standardized ASCE Penman–Monteith and FAO-56 equations were used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0) using estimated and measured net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux (G), based on hourly and daily meteorological data. The estimates were evaluated against lysimeter measurements. The results indicate that using measured or estimated values of Rn and G can have significant effect on the accuracy of the ET0 estimations, especially when calculations were made on an hourly basis. The FAO-56 version performed very well during the irrigation season on a daily basis. The use of measured Rn and G did not improve ET0 estimation on a daily basis, therefore, the use of estimated Rn and G appears to be dependable when calculations are based on 24-h weather data. When daily ET0 was calculated from hourly estimations, the results were different depending on the version used. The ASCE version was more accurate, especially when Rn and G were measured. Therefore, measurement of Rn and G may have potential to improve estimation only when daily ET0 is calculated from hourly estimations. The PM FAO-56 version was always a little less accurate than the ASCE version. For hourly calculations, using a constant surface resistance (as in FAO-56 version), the PM method underpredicted for high evaporative demand and vice versa. The ASCE version performed better than PM FAO-56 version when Rn and G were measured and estimated. Therefore, ASCE version tended to provide quite accurate values of hourly ET0, even using estimated values of Rn and G. As conclusion, the methods proposed by FAO-56 for estimating Rn and G tended to produce accurate estimates for daily and hourly ET0 under semiarid conditions and can be used with some degree of confidence for estimating ET0. In addition, results suggest that the ASCE standardized equation on an hourly basis improved the accuracy of ET0 estimation with respect to the FAO-56 version. 相似文献
6.
Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, were simulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120 items (variables) were input for the simulation, including meteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographic factors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc. The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff, sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass, etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeated simulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. In this work the simulation accuracy for annual water yield prediction reached to 83.68%. 相似文献
7.
嵌套子集:引入土壤多样性研究的讨论 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
嵌套子集指在任何特定集合中出现的物种趋向于在更大的集合中也出现,即局部丰富的物种一般分布比较广泛,而局部稀少的物种则分布较窄。本文对嵌套性研究中的有关问题做一评述,并以西班牙的一个研究为范例讨论可以看出,通过数据(土壤类型和土壤集合)试验得出的规律性和生态学上的观点竟非常相似。研究采用了土壤数据集和在计量生态学应用的方法,包括嵌套计算程序(Nested Calcu lator Program)。结果表明:嵌套性在生物群落、土被或土链结构中的性质有相似之处,即地学系统中普遍存在着嵌套性。此方法用于土壤多样性的分析,在有计划的保护生物及土壤资源方面具有现实意义。 相似文献
8.
Herrero IA Teshager T Garde J Moreno MA Domínguez L 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2000,47(4):255-262
A study to estimate the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in faecal samples from pigs at slaughterhouses in Spain was carried out between November 1998 and January 1999 with 900 samples taken from four abattoirs representing 9.7% of all pig slaughtered in 1998. Using a selective enrichment broth with vancomycin (8 μg/ml), 64 samples (7.1%; 95% CI: 5.5, 9.0%) had E. faecium vancomycin-resistant strains that showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 256 μg/ml (62 strains) and 512 μg/ml (two strains). Results by farm showed that 43 of the 240 pig farms represented in the sampling had at least one faecal sample with vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. 相似文献
9.
Tobias Plieninger 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(1):91-105
Mediterranean agroforestry landscapes, dehesas, experience significant structural changes that affect their ability to support
habitats for a rich biodiversity. The goal of this study is to provide quantitative information on loss, fragmentation, and
alteration of holm oak (Quercus ilex) stands over a 42-year period, based on two sites in the lowlands of Cáceres province, Spain. Aerial photography and orthoimages
from 1956, 1984, and 1998 were processed in a geographic information system (GIS). Important changes in demography and land-use
were rural depopulation, abandonment of traditional agricultural activities, and a sharp increase in livestock stocking levels.
These were related to intensification and extensification of land-uses determined by national and EU agricultural policies.
Results of the land cover analysis indicated that dehesas suffered an annual 0.27% and 0.04% decrease in cover in the two
sites. From 1984 loss rate had markedly accelerated (0.83% and 0.30%). Most dehesas were lost by shrub encroachment or conversion
to open grassland. Fragmentation through roads increased by 28% and 45%, while rural buildings decreased by 17% and 50% from
1956 to 1998. Mean tree density decreased from 1956 to 1984, but a recovery was found since 1984. Significant factors determining
stand densities in most time points were altitude (related with different land-uses and geological substrates), ownership,
and proximity to villages. This suggests that stand structure is controlled both by human interventions and ecological settings.
The findings support the view that opposite trends of land abandonment and intensification of land-uses arise in most northern
Mediterranean countries as an effect of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. 相似文献
10.
The main aims of this article are to calculate the erosion rates from sediments accumulated in the check dams and to compare the results with those of other methodologies. 相似文献