谏壁发电厂泵站改造实践

为解决渣浆泵在运行时轴封水供应困难的问题，计算了谏壁发电厂松林山泵站的装置特必,天详细分析论证的基础上，确定了泵站的改造方案，进行了叶轮的优化设计。     

Mechanisation of organic fertiliser spreading,choice of fertiliser and crop residue management as solutions for maize environmental impact mitigation

The environmental impact of crop production is mainly related to fossil fuels consumption and to fertilisers application. Emissions arising from the spreading of organic and mineral fertilisers are important contributors for impact categories such as eutrophication and acidification. The choice of the fertilisers and of the spreading techniques as well as the crop residues management can deeply affect the environmental impact related to crop cultivation.In this study, seven scenarios describing fertilising schemes characterised by different organic and mineral fertilisers and by different mechanisation were compared. The aim is to evaluate, using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, how the environmental performances of grain maize production were affected by these different fertilisers schemes. The study was carried out considering a cradle to farm gate perspective and 1 t grain maize was selected as functional unit. Inventory data were collected on a farm located in Po Valley (Northern Italy) during year 2013 and were processed using the composite method recommended by the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD). The compared scenarios involved organic and mineral fertiliser distribution and were: pig slurry incorporation after >3 days after spreading (BS), fast pig slurry incorporation within 2 h from spreading (AS1), direct soil injection of pig slurry (AS2), pig slurry incorporation (after >3 days) with straw collection (AS3), digestate spreading instead of pig slurry (after >3 days) (AS4), only mineral fertilisers (i.e. urea and superphosphate) distribution (AS5) and only mineral fertilisers (i.e. calcium ammonium nitrate and superphosphate) distribution (AS6).The results were not univocal, since climate and soil conditions as well as physical and chemical fertiliser characteristics differently affected the environmental load, especially for particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification and terrestrial eutrophication impact categories. AS1 and AS2 showed the most beneficial results for these impact categories (between ↙67% and ↙73% respect to worst scenario). AS6, on the opposite, showed the highest environmental impact for those impact categories mainly affected by energy and fossil fuel consumption (climate change, ozone depletion, human toxicity with carcinogenic effect, particulate matter, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity and mineral, fossil and renewable resources depletion), categories on which AS3 and AS4 were the best solutions. AS3 was the most impacting for terrestrial acidification and eutrophicationA sensitivity analysis was carried out varying grain maize yield (mostly affected: marine eutrophication) and ammonia volatilisation losses due to organic fertilisers (mainly affected: terrestrial acidification and eutrophication).The achieved results can be useful for the development of ⬓spreading rules⬽ that drive the application of organic fertilisers in agricultural areas where there is an intense livestock activity.     

NOVEL SYNTHETIC METHOD OF LINGNINAMINETYPE ASPHALT EMULSIFIER

The slurry sealing with cationic emulsified asphalt,which is a new technique inhighway construction,is rapidly extended at home and abroad.The technique should apply an ex-cellent slow set cationic cmulsifier.Now,slow set emulsifiers are ligninamines which are synthesizedby trimethylamine-epichlorohydrin route.Owing to high price and unstable quality,the extendingof slurry sealing technique is affected seriously.We prepare the ligninamine by a novel syntheticmethod.By the novel method,the cost of production is reduced by more than 30%,and the prod-ucts have stable quality,high emulsifying function and broad daptability for various asphalts.Thenovel synthetic method uses soda lignin,secondary amines and inexpensive aminating assistants asraw materials.The technological process of the method may use either one or two-step process,andthe technological condition are uncomplicated and easy to master.master.     

Analysis of antibiotic residues in liquid manure and leachate of dairy farms in Northern Germany

The scientific interest in the fate of antibiotic substances in the environment has increased during the past decades. Especially in animal husbandry, the assumed quantity of antibiotics excreted has caused major concerns as the environment can be contaminated by these compounds via different paths. In this study in Northern Germany, manure and leachate samples from dairy farms were analysed in order to verify if this kind of animal husbandry can be a source of antibiotic residues found in the environment. Neither in liquid manure nor in leachate were the analysed antibiotics detected. These results clearly show the minor importance of dairy cows as sources of antibiotic residues in the aquatic environment. To explain this fact, we propose the three following reasons: (i) the amount of antibiotics administered in dairy farming is low compared to pig or poultry production; (ii) manure storage is a useful process to minimize the antibiotic residues as the substances applied to dairy cows are sensitive to degradation processes during that period; (iii) excreted directly on grasslands, the substances degrade very quickly or adsorb to soil and are therefore not present in the leachate.     

沼液灌溉对黑麦草生长及土壤性质的影响

在盆栽条件下,设置4种沼液灌溉量,即0(对照),667,867和1133mL·kg^-1土,研究了沼液灌溉对一年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)分蘖数、地上/地下生物量及根冠比、养分吸收性能、土壤理化及酶活性的影响。结果表明:沼液灌溉量为667mL·kg^-1土时,黑麦草的分蘖数和地上生物量均增加140%以上,地下生物量下降,导致根冠比显著降低(P<0.05);黑麦草植株全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别增加250%,16%,50%。沼液灌溉量继续增加时,分蘖数、生物量、植株养分含量无进一步增加趋势。土壤全氮、全磷、有机质含量和电导率随沼液灌溉量的增加呈增加趋势,而土壤pH值因沼液灌溉而下降。沼液灌溉后土壤脲酶活性提高,脱氢酶活性下降,但不同灌溉量间无显著差异。综合分析认为,黑麦草对过量沼液灌溉有一定耐受性,但从生产和环境安全的角度考虑,667mL·kg^-1土的沼液灌溉量即可满足其生长所需。     

谈阳离子乳化沥青稀浆封层的施工工艺

简要介绍了阳离子乳化沥青稀浆封层的施工工艺及施工中应注意的几个问题     

Long-term effects of fertilisation regime on earthworm abundance in a semi-natural grassland area

Environmental protection organisations involved in farmland-bird conservation promote the use of organic fertilisers, especially farmyard manure, to enhance the availability of earthworms, which are an important prey for farmland-birds. We studied changes in earthworm numbers in a field experiment on a semi-natural grassland with three different types of fertilisation; no fertilisation (NF), and application of slurry manure (SM) or farmyard manure (FM). Samples were taken in April, yearly from 1982 to 1990 and in 2005. On average, the SM treatment had a lower (29%) earthworm abundance and a higher mean individual body weight than the FM and NF treatments. No statistically significant differences were observed between the FM and NF treatment. In 2005, earthworm abundance did not differ between the SM and NF treatment. The yearly variation in earthworm numbers and biomass was high, and significantly related to winter coldness. Colder winters resulted in lower earthworm abundances in the next spring. Especially the number of endogeic earthworms varied with winter coldness. The large variation between years stresses the need to be careful with the interpretation of short-term field experiments, or comparisons between areas based on single sampling events.     

集约化猪场沼液生态处理工艺优化试验效果评价

沼液的深度净化处理是集约化畜禽养殖废水无害化处理的必由之路,本研究旨在筛选处理猪场厌氧消化液的最佳工艺条件组合,为养殖废水资源化循环利用提供科学依据和技术支撑。采用水质相关国家标准方法,选取2个复合菌剂（A、B）,3个接种量（0.5、1.0、5.0%）,2个通气量（2mg/L、4mg/L）,比较研究不同处理条件组合对猪场沼液的净化效果。实验表明：12个组合处理均对猪场沼液具有不同程度的净化效果,能够有效去除猪场沼液生化需氧量（BOD5）、总磷（TP）、粪大肠菌群（FC, Fecal Coliform）,各自去除率最高分别达到90.0%、82.0%、99.9%。综合各项评估指标,工艺1、4、6优于其它组合,其中工艺4为最优组合。     

Using time domain reflectometry to characterize cattle and pig slurry infiltration into soil

Abstract. The rate and extent to which cattle or pig slurry infiltrates into soil after application is one of the important factors determining the rate and extent of subsequent ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. Better characterization of the infiltration process is required to improve predictive models of NH₃ losses after land spreading. This paper describes a laboratory system using time domain reflectometry to measure slurry infiltration into soil columns. This system enabled semi-continuous, non-destructive infiltration measurements to be made, assessing the influence of slurry type, dry matter (DM) content, soil type and soil water tension. Differences were noted in the infiltration behaviour of cattle and pig slurries. For cattle slurry, DM content (range 1.7–7.1%) was the main influencing factor. Infiltration rate rapidly decreased with increasing DM content and there was no influence of soil type or water tension. For pig slurry, all of the slurry infiltrated into a sandy clay loam soil within the first hour, regardless of DM content (range 1.5–4.7%), whereas only 60% infiltrated into a clay loam soil over the same time period (slurry DM content 2.1%).     

The hydrogen peroxide, as a potentially useful slurry disinfectant

Hydrogen peroxide is used more and more as the water and wastewater as well as slurry disinfectant. Its advantages over other oxidants are nontoxic, harmless, and environmentally acceptable by products. The basic task in the disinfection of slurry is to destroy or remove infectious microorganisms so that the slurry cannot transmit disease producing agents, when disposed on the land or into waters.

In the present study the effect of hydrogen peroxide disinfectant with catalytic action of metal ions, silver and ferrous, was investigated in the hygienization process of pig and cattle slurry.

In order to determine the optimal concentration of disinfectant, the effect of a range of final concentrations of hydrogen peroxide alone and with metal ions was investigated. Organoleptic, physicochemical and bacteriologic parameters were analyzed for wastewater quality assessment in accordance with standard methods.

The results illustrated an improvement of organoleptic properties: color and odor, the oxidation of organic matter across reduction of BOD₅ and ammonium content of the treated slurries as well as a decrease of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total coliform bacteria numbers.

This investigation indicated that the disinfection of slurry with the oxidative compounds with hydrogen peroxide basis and catalytic action of silver and ferrous ions can be recommended for its bactericidal and oxidative effect.