西宁地区西门塔尔牛血液蛋白质多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对西宁地区西门塔尔牛的血红蛋白、运铁蛋白和后运铁蛋白的多态性特征进行了研究。结果表明:①血红蛋白位点存在HB AA和HB AB两种基因型,以HBAA为优蛰基因型,HB~A为优势等位基因;②运铁蛋白位点存在TF AA,TF AD,TF DD,TF DE和TF AE五种基因型,以TF DD为优势基因型,TF~D为优势等位基因;③后运铁蛋白位点存在PTFAA,PTF AB和PTF BB三种基因型,以PTF AA为优势基因型,PTF~A为优势等位基因;④三个血液蛋白质位点的平均基因杂合度为0.3396。     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

Multimarker and rare variants genomewide association studies for bone weight in Simmental cattle

Bone weight, defined as the total weight of the bones in all the forequarter and hindquarter joints, can reflect somebody conformation traits and skeletal diseases. To gain a better understanding of the genetic determinants of bone weight, we used a composite strategy including multimarker and rare‐marker association to perform genomewide association studies (GWAS) for that character in Simmental cattle. Our strategy consisted of three models: (i) A traditional linear mixed model (LMM) was applied (Q+K‐LMM); (ii) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p‐values less than .05 from the LMM were selected to undergo the least absolute shrinkage and selector operator (Lasso) in the second stage (LMM‐Lasso); (iii) genes containing two or more rare SNPs were examined by performing the sequence kernel association test (gene‐based SKAT). A total of 1,225 cattle were genotyped with an Illumina BovineHD BeadChip containing 770,000 SNPs. After the quality‐control procedures, 1,217 individuals with 608,696 common SNPs and 105,787 rare SNPs (with 0.001 < minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.05) remained in the sample for analysis. A traditional LMM successfully mapped three genes associated with bone weight, while LMM‐Lasso identified nine genes, which included all genes found by traditional LMM. Only a single gene, EPHB3, surpassed the significance threshold after Bonferroni correction in gene‐based SKAT. In conclusion, based on functional annotation and results from previous endeavours, we believe that LCORL, RIMS2, LAP3, PRKAR2B, CHSY1, MAP2K6 and EPHB3 are candidate genes for bone weight. In general, such a comprehensive strategy for GWAS may be useful for researchers seeking to probe the full genetic architecture underlying economic traits in livestock.     

不同部位西门塔尔牛肉理化品质分析及烤制加工适宜性的研究

[目的]研究不同部位西门塔尔牛肉原料肉的理化品质,评价烤制加工后的食用品质和感官品质。[方法]选取体重为550 kg左右的西门塔尔肉牛10头,屠宰分割后取不同部位牛肉（里脊、外脊、前腿、后腿、眼肉、米龙）。4 ℃排酸72 h后,采用常规方法测定不同部位牛肉的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、水分含量、pH值以及色泽指标,并对大理石花纹等级进行评分;220 ℃烤制10 min后,对不同部位牛肉进行剪切力和加工损失率测定,并对感官品质指标进行评价。[结果]不同部位牛肉的脂肪含量、大理石花纹评分、L^*值、a^*值、剪切力、色泽评分、嫩度评分、多汁性评分、香气评分和总体可接受性评分差异显著（P<0.05或P<0.01）,不同部位牛肉中的蛋白质含量、水分含量、pH值、b^*值、加工损失率、滋味评分差异不显著（P>0.05）。眼肉中脂肪含量最高（P<0.01）,前腿、后腿脂肪含量相同,均为最低（P<0.01）;眼肉、外脊的大理石花纹评分显著（P<0.01）高于其他部位;眼肉、外脊的L^*值显著（P<0.05）高于其他部位,里脊、后腿的L^*值显著（P<0.05）低于其他部位;外脊和眼肉的a^*值显著（P<0.01）低于其他部位;眼肉、外脊的剪切力显著（P<0.01）低于其他部位;眼肉的总体可接受性评分显著（P<0.05）高于其他部位,前腿、后腿和米龙的总体可接受性评分相同,均为最低（P<0.05）。[结论]外脊、眼肉的肌内脂肪含量高于其他部位,烤制后产品的嫩度、滋味及总体可接受性较好。眼肉和外脊是西门塔尔牛肉中最适宜加工烤制产品的部位。     

蛋氨酸硒对牛营养物质代谢和生化指标的影响

选用16头体重420kg、年龄2.5岁西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以蛋氨酸硒为硒源,在基础日粮中分别添加硒0、0.3、0.6和0.9mg/kg,研究蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化代谢和理化指标的影响。结果表明,0.3和0.6mg/kg组日粮的有机物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6和0.9mg/kg组的消化氮、沉积氮和氮利用率显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组的硒、钙、磷、锰、铜、钼的存留率显著提高(P<0.05),锌和硫的存留率无显著差异;0.6mg/kg组的血清甘油三酯、血糖、白蛋白、总蛋白、GPT、GOT、GSH-px和GSH均显著高于对照(P<0.05)。0.6和0.9mg/kg组丙二醛含量显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg/kg组血清硒含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。日粮加硒0.6mg/kg显著改善日粮营养物质消化代谢,提高了机体抗氧化能力,建议以蛋氨酸硒为硒源时日粮加硒0.60mg/kg。     

广西西门塔尔肉牛超数排卵效果观察

[目的]为了分析广西牛超数排卵技术实施现状,[方法]试验设计在广西宾阳、都安、大化、崇左等4个肉牛养殖场(4组)各选择16头西门塔尔成年母牛作为试验母牛,采用孕酮栓(GIOB)+促卵泡素(FSH)+氯前列烯醇(PGF2)的方法对试验母牛进行超数排卵,观测试验母牛获得总胚胎数、可用胚数、一级胚数,分析超数排卵效果.[结果...     

肉用西门塔尔牛改良云南黄牛的效果初报

对云南黄牛、西门塔尔与云南黄牛的杂交牛（西本杂）体尺体重进行了测定,结果西本牛与本地牛体尺体重都有了显著提高（P＜0．01）。西本杂牛的初生、6、12、18、24月龄体重比同龄本地牛分别高出82％、18％、69％、50％、78％。     

异戊酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头体重(420±8.6)kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究异戊酸(0、0.02、0.04和0.06 g/kgW)对瘤胃pH、NH3-N、VFA、营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响。结果表明:0.06 g/kgW组显著降低瘤胃pH(P<0.05),饲喂后3-6 h,0.04 g/kgW组和0.06 g/kgW组NH3-N浓度显著低于对照和0.02 g/kgW组(P<0.05);0.04 g/kgW组和0.06 g/kgW组,豆粕干物质、有机物质和粗蛋白质有效降解率显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.04 g/kgW组玉米秸秆干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的有效降解率显著提高(P<0.05),0.04 g/kgW组瘤胃乙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸比例、总挥发性脂肪酸和尿嘌呤衍生物显著增加(P<0.05)。异戊酸的适宜添加水平为0.04g/kgW。     

西门塔尔牛胰腺间充质干细胞原代培养及其多向分化潜能研究

旨在对西门塔尔牛胰腺间充质干细胞（pancreatic mesenchymal stem cells,PMSCs）进行原代培养并研究其体外分化潜能,为细胞疗法和组织工程学方面提供新的种子细胞。本研究从3月龄的西门塔尔牛胚胎中无菌分离胰腺组织,分别采用胶原酶消化法和组织块贴壁法分离PMSCs,进行原代培养;绘制第3代、第9代、第15代细胞生长曲线并测定群体倍增时间及克隆形成能力,采用免疫荧光检测干细胞表面标志物（CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD34和CD45）,RT-PCR检测干细胞细胞表面标志物（CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD106、CD166、CD34和CD45）;染色体核型分析检测其基因稳定性,通过向成脂、成骨、成软骨和成肝样细胞诱导分化,检测其多向分化潜能。结果表明,两种方法都可成功分离出PMSCs,细胞贴壁后形态均为长梭形,漩涡状生长,生长趋势呈典型的S形;第9代细胞群体倍增时间显著低于第15代而高于第3代（P<0.01）;第9代PMSCs克隆形成率显著低于第3代而显著高于第15代（P<0.05）;免疫荧光结果表明,PMSCs特异性表达CD29、CD44、CD73和CD90,RT-PCR结果显示PMSCs特异性表达CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD106和CD166,未表达造血细胞表面标志物CD34和CD45,与国际细胞治疗学会组织干细胞委员会指定的MSCs表面标记物相对应;核型分析表明,PMSCs为正常二倍体（2n=60,XY）,染色体基因组未发生变异;特异性染色和RT-PCR结果表明,从西门塔尔牛体内获得的PMSCs可分化为脂肪细胞、骨细胞、软骨细胞和肝样细胞。本试验证实两种方法均可成功建立西门塔尔牛PMSCs体外分离培养体系,PMSCs具有活性好、增殖速度快的特点,与MSCs有相似的生物学特性和多项分化的潜能。可为组织工程学提供新的种子细胞。     

抗旱王牛的血细胞及生化指标的测定研究

[目的]为了掌握引进的抗旱王牛的血液理化指标。[方法]使用全自动分析仪,选择成年的雌性抗旱王牛和雌性西门塔尔牛各14头,测定了30项血液理化指标,并进行统计分析。[结果]检测结果如下：抗旱王牛的30项血液理化指标中有73.33%（22/30）的指标变异系数小于20%,有20.00%（6/30）的变异系数介于20%～30%,有6.67%（2/30）的变异系数超过30%;西门塔尔的30项血液理化指标中有70.00%（21/30）的指标变异系数小于20%,有20.00%（6/30）的变异系数介于20%～30%,有10.00%（3/30）的变异系数超过30%。西门塔尔牛的LYM水平显著高于抗旱王牛（P〈0.05）;抗旱王牛的GGT、TCHOL、BU、TG水平显著高于西门塔尔牛（P〈0.05）。其他指标差异不显著。[结论]抗旱王牛血液理化测定指标相对较稳定,初步体现了其抗旱耐热的品种特性,但其他特性与优点的体现仍需进一步研究。