Serogroup distribution,diversity of exotoxin gene profiles,and phylogenetic grouping of CTX-M-1- producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli

The emergence of CTX-M-1 producing Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has become a serious challenge. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, a number of virulence factors have been shown. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the prevalence of O- serogroups, phylogenetic groups, exotoxin genes, and antimicrobial resistance properties of CTX-M-1- producing UPEC. A total of 248 UPEC isolates were collected. The antibiotic resistance was performed, and PCR was used to detect the bla_CTX-M1, exotoxins, serogroups and phylogroups of UPEC. Of 248 isolates, 95 (38.3%) harbored bla_CTX-M-1. Of them, serogroups O1 and O25 were predominant, accounting for 20% and 13.7%, respectively. The hlyA was the dominant exotoxin gene (32.6%), followed by sat (28.4%), vat (22.1%), cnf (13.7%), picU (8.4%), and cdt (2.1%). The hlyA gene was significantly associated with pyelonephritis (P = 0.003). Moreover, almost half of the isolates (45.4%) belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Most of exotoxin genes were present in significantly higher proportions in group B2 isolates except cdt gene (P < 0.05). All of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin. The CTX-M-1-producing UPEC strains causing nosocomial infections are more likely to harbor certain exotoxin genes, raising the possibility that this increase in virulence genes may result in an increased risk of complicated UTI.     

中国不同地区家禽大肠杆菌血清型分布和耐药性比较研究

 近几年在中国东北、华南、华中和华北地区采样，得到鸡泄殖腔拭子292份、饲料和水29份、鸡舍尘土和垫料28份，共349份。用麦康凯培养基分离大肠杆菌，共分离到大肠杆菌241株（东北地区107株；华南地区107株；华中地区12株；华北地区15株），分离率为69.1%。共有血清型67种，每种血清型1～2株，个别血清型有10株左右。呈地区性和多样性分布，有些地区有优势型，有的地区优势型不明显。细菌耐药性非常严重，以多重耐药为主，耐10～19种药物的菌株占50%以上，有一定地区性。总体上耐药率最高的是萘啶酸（88.1%），其它依次为四环素85.7%、磺胺甲基异恶唑81.0%、复方新诺明77.1%、氨苄西林76.2%、阿莫西林74.3%、链霉素66.2%、氟喹诺酮类57.1%～66.7%、氯霉素52.9%、庆大霉素39.0%、卡那霉素36.2%。 细菌对氟苯尼考、奥格门丁、头孢曲松、头孢噻吩、阿米卡星普遍敏感，耐药率仅为0～19.5%。使用抗菌药的鸡场，对相应药物耐药率较高。该项研究为进一步分析研究耐药机理和制订兽医临床抗菌药使用规范奠定了基础。     

Detection and characterisation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than Escherichia coli O157:H7 in wild ruminants

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are an important group of emerging pathogens, with ruminants recognised as their main natural reservoir. The aim of this work was to establish the prevalence of non-O157 STEC in free-ranging wild ruminants in the Extremadura region of Spain and to characterise them phenogenotypically. Faecal samples were collected from 243 wild ruminants, including Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Dama dama and Ovis musimon and were examined for STEC using both phenotypic (Vero cells) and genotypic (PCR and PFGE) methods.Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from 58 (23.9%) of the samples and a total of 65 isolates were characterised. A PCR method indicated that 11 (16.9%) strains carried the stx₁ gene, 44 (67.7%) carried the stx₂ gene and 10 (15.4%) carried both these genes. The ehxA gene was detected in 37 (57%) of the isolates but none contained either the eae or saa genes. The isolates were from a total of 12 ‘O’ serogroups, although 80% were restricted to the O2, O8, O128, O146, O166 and O174 serogroups. The most commonly isolated STEC bacteria, which were from the O146 serogroup, exhibited a high degree of polymorphism as indicated by PFGE. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates of serogroups O20, O25, O166, O171, O174 and O176 had not previously been found in wild ruminants. This is the first study to confirm that wild ruminants in Spain are a reservoir of STEC and are thus a potential source of human infection.