纤维素酶渣替代黄豆饲喂杂交奶牛试验

采用纤维素酶渣替代黄豆对西黄杂奶牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛)作饲喂对比试验,并对其产奶量及奶品质进行观察。结果表明:试验组比对照组牛日产奶量平均提高1 88kg,其乳蛋白和乳糖含量也有不同程度的提高。     

核桃壳液化及其与甲醛反应能力的研究

本文探讨了核桃壳在120℃、液比为3/1和催化剂(浓硫酸,用量为苯酚的3%)条件下液化,通过液化体系内游离苯酚和残渣含量的分析以及液化体系与甲醛反应能力的分析发现:核桃壳的酚解和酚化反应主要发生在反应初期,后期逐渐减弱;液化体系内总的活性量由两部分组成,一是液化体系内游离苯酚贡献的活性量,二是体系内液化产物贡献的活性量;随着反应时间的进行,游离苯酚折算的耗醛量逐渐减少,液化产物的耗醛量逐渐增加,而总的液化体系中消耗甲醛的能力在逐渐的减弱。     

兔组织中阿维菌素残留的高效液相色谱法测定研究

阿维菌素是一种新型大环内酯类广谱抗寄生虫药物。本试验采用乙腈提取,然后通过氧化铝柱净化组织样本,经Ｎ－甲基咪唑与三氟醋酸酐衍生化后,用高效液相色谱－荧光检测器在激发波长为３６５ｎｍ,发射波长为４７０ｎｍ处,对衍生化产物进行测定。     

速生林木材液化及其产物应用研究

[目的]为速生桉树木材液化及其产物的应用提供参考。[方法]以硫酸为催化剂,苯酚为液化剂,对速生人工林桉树木材进行液化,并取液化产物与甲醛进行树脂化反应制备液化木基酚醛树脂LWPF,研究液比对液化反应效率、液化产物重均分子量及LWPF树脂胶合性能的影响。[结果]随着液比的提高,液化产物的残渣率及重均分子量均降低,而LWPF树脂制得的胶合板的木破率提高;当液比提高到一定程度后,液化产物的残渣率和重均分子量及LWPF树脂所制胶合板的木破率变化不明显。[结论]对速生桉树木材的液化工艺及其液化产物的树脂化合成工艺进行了优化。     

HPLC紫外法同时检测生鲜乳中环丙沙星和恩诺沙星残留

[目的]建立能同时检测环丙沙星和恩诺沙星残留的HPLC紫外检测法。[方法]采用10%三氯乙酸为提取液,直接从生鲜乳中提取环丙沙星和恩诺沙星,并进行HPLC检测。[结果]环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的最低检测限为5μg/L,在10~200μg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r0.99),平均回收率为84%~112%,变异系数均小于5%。[结论]该方法不仅除蛋白和脂肪效果好,而且回收率较为理想,可以很好满足确证方法的要求,且重现性好。     

秸秆发电和气化残余物作为肥料在水稻生产上的应用研究

秸秆发电和气化残余物(下称草木灰),其含有丰富的大量和中微量元素,如K、Ca、P、Mg、Si、Cu、Zn、B等,其中钾含量尤为丰富。而水稻是一种喜钾和硅的作物。将草木灰作为钾肥应用于水稻的生产上,一方面可节约生产成本,另一方面还可以改善大米的品质;但草木灰同时还含有重金属元素,过量的施入势必会带来土壤环境的恶化,本文通过分析土壤中和大米中重金属含量的变化,得出本试验中草木灰的施入不会引起环境的恶化;从生产成本和水稻产量与品质上综合考虑得出处理木灰1 50%替代化学钾肥和草木灰2 75%替代化学钾肥是最佳施肥处理。     

The effects of long-term conservation tillage, crop residues and P fertilizer on soil conditions and responses of summer and winter crops on an Andosol in Japan

A field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1992 in Tsukuba, Japan to investigate the effects of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth in a light-colored Andosol. Three tillage methods (NT: no-tillage, RT: no-tillage for summer cropping and moldboard plowing for winter cropping, and CT: conventional rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm) were employed in combination with crop residue application (+R, −R) and fused magnesium phosphate (FMP) fertilization (+P, −P). Under the combination of NT and +R, diurnal variation of soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was smaller during the summer cropping season and soil temperature in the daytime was lower during the winter cropping season than under CT. Soil inorganic N concentration at a depth of 0–30 cm was +R > −R and NT > RT > CT. The early growth of summer crops was accelerated under NT in comparison with CT, and yields were higher under NT and RT in comparison with CT. On the other hand, winter crop yields were significantly reduced under NT, while they were still higher under RT in comparison with CT. Yields were higher with +R and +P application, respectively, and these effects were more pronounced in winter cropping. The positive effect of FMP fertilization was greater in combination with NT, and that of residue treatment was greater in combination with RT and NT than with CT. In conclusion, the best tillage practice for Andosols on the Kanto Plain is RT, i.e. a combination of NT for summer cropping and CT for winter cropping. The application of NT for winter cropping is not recommended, although the application of phosphate and crop residues could reduce the risk of yield reduction, because of improved soil nutrient status and moderation of diurnal soil temperature.     

Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition

Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content.     

青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性研究（摘要）（英文）

[目的]初步研究青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性,进而探讨其是否具备作为蛋白饲料投入养殖业开发利用的条件。[方法]通过小鼠亚急性毒性试验,饲喂小鼠不同剂量的青霉素菌渣降解物（3%和6%）连续观察15周,记录每周小白鼠的体重和死亡情况;试验结束后抽样处死,取血测动物肝、肾功能,取心、肝、脾、肾称重,并在光镜下对肝、肾组织做病理学观察。[结果]试验组小白鼠体重、死亡率及肝、肾功能在15周内和对照组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。低剂量组可见肝细胞、肾小管上皮细胞核有碎裂,少数肝、肾细胞有轻度水肿;高剂量组可见小白鼠肝组织中细胞核碎裂并有脂肪滴,多数肝细胞水肿,只有少数肝细胞无明显改变;肾脏可见门管区炎性细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞水肿、坏死。[结论]该实验条件下青霉素菌渣降解物对小鼠器官的实质细胞有轻度的毒性作用。     

内酯类新抗生素泰拉霉素的研究进展

泰拉霉素是动物专用半合成大环内酯类抗生素,对于防治猪和牛的呼吸系统疾病疗效确切。从泰拉霉素的理化性质、作用机制、抗菌活性、药动学和药效学、急慢性毒性及药物残留等方面进行综述,旨在为该药在兽医临床应用提供参考资料。