强还原土壤灭菌研究进展

随着经济和技术的快速发展,以高投入高产出、高频种植等为特点的集约化种植已成为我国重要的农业生产模式。伴随集约化种植程度不断提高,作物土传病害频发,且易发生酸化、次生盐渍化、土壤板结等土地退化现象,往往造成作物连作障碍。强还原土壤灭菌方法(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)作为一种环境友好型方法,兼具杀灭土传病原菌和改善土壤理化性质、易操作和处理时间短等特点,已成功用于作物连作障碍的防治。本文根据不同作物类型及不同土传病原菌,归纳总结了RSD处理过程所采取的有机物质类型、施用量、温度条件、淹水覆膜状况及灭菌效果。     

Salt marsh rhizosphere affects microbial biotransformation of the widespread halogenated contaminant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)

Estuarine sediments are the repository for a wide range of contaminants. Anthropogenic impacts and variations in the belowground biomass of salt marsh plants potentially select for different sediment microbial communities with different functional capabilities, including the ability to biotransform anthropogenic contaminants. There are large differences in both root morphology and the amount of fine root biomass of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis; Spartina is the species commonly used to replace Phragmites in northeastern US salt marsh restoration projects. Our study compared the effect of these two macrophyte species on sediment microbial communities responsible for the biotransformation of the halogenated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Sediments were obtained from contaminated and uncontaminated salt marsh field sites in New Jersey. Anaerobic methanogenic sediment microcosms were established and incubated for up to 130 days. TBBPA was reductively dehalogenated resulting in the transient formation of two intermediates, identified as tribromobisphenol A and dibromobisphenol A, and the formation and accumulation of bisphenol A (BPA) as the end product. Spartina sediments from both sites were found to dehalogenate TBBPA more rapidly than the Phragmites or unvegetated sediments, resulting in greater production of BPA. Microbial community diversity as measured by in situ sediment phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition prior to TBBPA exposure, was found to be higher in the uncontaminated sediments; differences in microbial PLFA diversity were not seen in contaminated sediments associated with either the different plant species or unvegetated sediment. The results of this study demonstrate that these two plant species affected sediment microbial community function with respect to dehalogenation capabilities, even though the disturbed and undisturbed sediments varied in microbial community composition.     

强还原土壤灭菌防控作物土传病的应用研究

随着集约化种植程度的不断提高,土传病原菌侵染、土壤酸化、次生盐渍化、养分平衡失调等引起的作物连作障碍发生率不断攀升,严重威胁着集约化农业的可持续发展。强还原土壤灭菌(Reductive Soil Disinfestation,RSD)法是一种作物种植前的土壤处理方法,即:在发生土传病害的土壤上,添加大量的易分解有机物料、灌溉、薄膜覆盖或淹水阻隔与大气的气体交换,快速创造土壤强还原环境,短期内杀灭土传病原菌的方法。强还原杀灭土传病原菌的作用机理包括:1)厌气杀灭好氧病原菌;2)还原过程产生有毒有害的物质杀灭土传病原菌;3)强还原改变土壤微生物群落结构,抑制土传病原菌活性。强还原土壤灭菌法还具有提高土壤p H,减轻次生盐渍化的作用,具有广谱性和环境友好性。本文介绍了该方法的起源、作用机理、影响该方法效果的因素及其应用前景。     

零价铁去除三氯乙烯研究

[目的]研究零价铁（Fe0）对三氯乙烯（TCE）的去除作用。[方法]通过分批试验,利用廉价铁粉对水中TCE进行还原脱氯,研究了Fe0的纯度、粒径、投加量、酸洗预处理及不同的pH值条件对TCE去除的影响。[结果]Fe0的纯度越高,粒径越小,TCE的去除效果越好;在试验范围内,Fe0的投加量越大,TCE的去除效率越高;酸洗预处理可以明显提高Fe0对TCE的去除率;在试验范围内,不同pH值下Fe0去除TCE的效率为：pH值6〉pH值7〉pH值8,说明偏酸性的条件有利于Fe0对TCE的去除。[结论]研究的结果将为地下水TCE污染的场地修复技术提供理论基础。     

控释尿素硫膜对土壤性质和油菜生长的影响

为预测硫包膜控释肥施用后大量硫膜残留对土壤生态系统造成的影响，设置硫包膜材料添加量不同的盆栽油菜试验，以研究控释尿素硫膜对土壤化学性状及植株生长的影响。研究结果表明：硫膜及硫磺可显著活化土壤的Fe、Mn、Zn等元素，对土壤中水溶性K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、SO4^2-、HCO3^-、Cl^-等含量也有较大影响；同时硫膜和硫磺的施入影响了土壤原有的酸碱平衡和氧化还原平衡，表现为土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量增加、pH值下降、还原性物质和活性还原物含量下降。另外施硫能促进油菜的生长并显著影响植株对N、P、K、S的吸收，在硫包膜尿素处理基础上继续施用较多的硫磺仍有增产效应。与硫磺相比硫膜短期内对土壤性质的影响较轻。     

Sorptive interaction between goethite and strongly reducing organic substances from anaerobic decomposition of green manures

Strongly reducing organic substances (SROS) and iron oxides exist widely in soils and sediments and have been implicated in many soil and sediment processes. In the present work, the sorptive interaction between goethite and SROS derived from anaerobic decomposition of green manures was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Both green manures, Astragalus sinicus (Astragalus) and Vicia varia (Vicia) were chosen to be anaerobically decomposed by the mixed microorganisms isolated from paddy soils for 30 d to prepare different SROS. Goethite used in experiments was synthesized in laboratory. The anaerobic incubation solutions from green manures at different incubation time were arranged to react with goethite, in which SROS concentration and Fe(II) species were analyzed. The anaerobic decomposition of Astragalus generally produced SROS more in amount but weaker in reducibility than that of Vicia in the same incubation time. The available SROS from Astragalus that could interact with goethite was 0.69 ± 0.04, 0.84 ± 0.04 and 1.09 ± 0.03 cmol kg⁻¹ as incubated for 10, 15 and 30 d, respectively, for Vicia, it was 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.46 ± 0.02 and 0.70 ± 0.02 cmol kg⁻¹. One of the fates of SROS as they interacted with goethite was oxidation. The amounts of oxidizable SROS from Astragalus decreased over increasing incubation time from 0.51 ± 0.05 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 10 to 0.39 ± 0.04 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 30, but for Vicia, it increased with the highest reaching to 0.58 ± 0.04 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 30. Another fate of these substances was sorption by goethite. The SROS from Astragalus were sorbed more readily than those from Vicia, and closely depended upon the incubation time, whereas for those from Vicia, the corresponding values were remarkably less and apparently unchangeable with incubation time. The extent of goethite dissolution induced by the anaerobic solution from Vicia was greater than that from Astragalus, showing its higher reactivity.     

强还原土壤处理对再植龙牙百合生长不利因子的消减作用

病害和草害是再植龙牙百合生长的两大关键制约因素。以强还原土壤处理（Reductive soil disinfestation,RSD）为技术手段,以湖南省栽培过龙牙百合的土壤为研究对象,通过设置液体有机物料RSD处理（6 t·hm–2,MO）、固体有机物料RSD处理（15 t·hm–2,SB）和不做任何土壤处理的对照（CK）,研究该技术手段对龙牙百合栽培土壤中土传病原菌和杂草种子库的影响。结果表明,与CK对照相比,RSD处理均能有效杀灭土壤中的尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌等病原真菌,显著降低镰刀菌属在真菌类群中的占比,其杀菌率高达98.8%。同时,RSD处理还能有效抑制土壤杂草种子库中大部分杂草的萌发,显著降低田间杂草的密度和生物量,其对杂草数量和干质量的抑制率分别为94.1%～96.0%和71.0%～94.7%,且MO处理对杂草的防除效果优于SB处理。此外,RSD处理还能显著改变田间杂草的群落结构,并降低其多样性、丰富度和优势度。因此,强还原土壤处理能够显著消减土传病原菌、杂草等再植龙牙百合生长不利因子,是一种具有同时降低田间病害和草害发生潜力的农业措施,且可以为减少农药施用量...     

In vitro gas formation and fermentation parameters using different substrates and pig faecal inocula affected by bile extract

The effect of bile extract on microbial gas formation and composition, production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane and on reductive acetogenesis was studied in vitro. As substrates cellulose and potato starch in combination with graded levels of bile extract concentrations (0; 333; 666; 1333 mg/l) were incubated with a faecal suspension from pigs as microbial inoculum according to procedures of a modified “Hohenheim gas formation test” (HFT). Bile extract concentration of 1333 mg/l in the in vitro system reduced total gas production from cellulose significantly (p < 0.05) compared to incubation without bile extract. After 24 h of incubation, bile extract concentration of 1333 mg/l lead to a decrease in methane production from cellulose (p < 0.05) in comparison to incubation without bile extract. Increasing levels of bile extract reduced total production of VFA (p < 0.05) from cellulose. Furthermore, bile extract concentration of 1333 mg/l increased molar percentage of propionate from cellulose and starch after 24 h of incubation (p < 0.05). Bile extract concentration of 333 mg/l increased molar percentage of propionate from cellulose after 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). The results may contribute to explain the differences in gas and methane production between the rumen and the hindgut of monogastric animals.