应用动物模型REML法估计金华猪繁殖性状遗传参数

试验资料取自金华猪场 1 979～1 999年金华猪繁殖性能的生产记录。采用动物模型约束性最大似然法 (REML)对该猪群的遗传参数进行估计 ,测定 1 1 4 4头纯繁金华母猪的产仔哺育记录。结果表明 ,产仔数 (TNB)、产活仔数 (NBA)、初生重 (PBW)、初生窝重 (LBW)、 2 0日龄头数(NFC)、 2 0日龄窝重 (LWFC)、 2 0日龄重 (PWFC)、 60日龄头数 (NW)、 60日龄窝重 (LWW)、 60日龄重 (PWW)、乳头数 (TN)的遗传力分别为0 1 2± 0 0 9、 0 1 8± 0 1 1、 0 1 5± 0 0 9、 0 0 2± 0 0 9、 0 1 0± 0 1 1、 0 0 8± 0 1 3、 0 1 8± 0 1 0、 0 2 3± 0 1 1、 0 31± 0 1 3、 0 35± 0 1 1和 0 1 9± 0 1 0。TNB与NBA、LBW、NW、LWW的遗传相关范围为 0 66～ 0 88,TNB与PBW的遗传相关为 - 0 43。NBA与LBW、NW、LWW的遗传相关范围为 0 60～ 0 64,NBA与PBW遗传相关为 - 0 63。PBW与PWW的遗传相关为 0 51。     

“Arte et Labore”—A Blackburn Rovers fan's legacy in human complex trait genetics

Through his own research contributions on the modelling and genetic analysis of quantitative traits and through his former students and postdocs, Robin Thompson has indirectly left a major legacy in human genetics. In this short note, we highlight examples of the long‐lasting relevance and impact of Robin's work in human genetics. A lone early study of marker‐assisted selection developed many of the tools and approaches later exploited (often after reinvention) by the human genetics community in GWAS studies and for prediction. Furthermore, a particularly clear example of the pervasive impact of Robin's work is that REML has become the default method to estimate variance components and that genetic predictions exploiting linkage disequilibrium in the population are starting to become used in precision medicine applications.     

A mixed model analysis of 10 years of oat evaluation data: use of agronomic information to explain genotype by environment interaction

The versatility of mixed model procedures in investigating large, unbalanced sets of genotype by environment data is illustrated on an historic set of yields from a South Australian oat evaluation program. Information on specific genotypic traits is included in the analysis in order to isolate unexplained genotype by environment interaction.     

3周龄蛋鸡体质量性连锁遗传效应分析

以白莱航鸡、绿壳蛋鸡为亲本,构建F2资源群体,进行蛋鸡早期体质量遗传评估。结果表明:Z染色体基因对蛋鸡早期体质量加性遗传方差有贡献;遗传模型固定效应包括品种、世代及近交系数;蛋鸡F2分离群体3周龄体质量遗传力为0.52±0.03,其中Z染色体遗传力为0.07±0.02。蛋鸡早期体质量遗传评估时应考虑性染色体连锁遗传效应的影响;3周龄蛋鸡体质量属于中等偏高遗传力性状,可通过个体选育获取遗传进展。     

Vitreosity,its stability and relationship to protein content in durum wheat

High quality requirements are set on durum wheat (Triticum durum) from semolina mills and pasta producers. For the production of semolina and pasta with good cooking quality, high grain protein content and vitreosity is required. The dependency of vitreosity on protein content as well as its stability under the influence of humidity was not well investigated up to now. We (1) compared two methods to determine vitreosity, (2) investigated the relationship between vitreosity and protein content, (3) developed a method to analyze vitreosity under humidity, and (4) examined the relationship between protein content and agronomical as well as quality traits in durum wheat. The results showed that the formation of vitreous kernels greatly depends on the protein content. To evaluate the stability of vitreosity under the influence of humidity a new method was elaborated and employed to assess the durum germplasm under study. This revealed that vitreosity of a durum wheat variety depends on the potential to form vitreous kernels but also to maintain this vitreosity under the influence of humidity. Our results further show that protein content is a central trait in durum wheat that strongly influences important traits like grain yield, vitreosity, and b-value.     

不同牙鲆群体遗传力和育种值分析

以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)抗病群体(RS)、RS(♂)与从日本引进的日本群体(♀)交配建立的群体(RJ)、日本群体(♂)与RS(♀)交配建立的群体(JR)、以及韩国群体(KS)为基础群体, 通过随机交配建立牙鲆家系, 研究了4个群体作为亲本的育种性能。待所建立的家系生长至19月龄左右时, 测量家系生长性状, 包括全长和体质量, 测量所得数据用SPSS及DMU软件中的REML算法和BLUP方法进行分析。结果显示, 从表型参数可以看出KS(♂)×RJ(♀)杂交后代表现出明显的生长优势。19月龄牙鲆全长和体质量的遗传力分别为0.301、0.295, 都属于中等遗传力。因此, 牙鲆群体具有较好的遗传改良潜力。全长、体质量育种值与其表型值的相关系数分别为0.838和0.827, 且呈极显著相关(P<0.01), 表明个体育种值的预测结果具有较高的准确性。对父母本分别进行育种值比较可知, 父本中KS的育种值最高, 母本中RJ的育种值最高, 因此选用KS(♂)和RJ(♀)杂交可培育出生长迅速的牙鲆新品种。本研究通过比较4个资源群体牙鲆生长性状的育种性能, 并以此作为筛选优良亲本群体的重要依据, 旨在为牙鲆新品种的成功选育奠定理论基础, 同时为牙鲆的进一步遗传改良提供重要的科学依据。

     

台系杜洛克的遗传统计研究

对一台系社洛克群体做了比较系统的遗传分析,用完整大量的记录资料及REML分析方法得到了群体主要经济性状的方差组分和遗传分,遗传相关系数,为引进猪和遗传改良提供了重要依据和参考。     

Tolerance of septoria leaf blotch in winter wheat

For individual varieties, tolerance of septoria leaf blotch was quantified by the slope of the relationship between disease and yield. Variation in disease severity and the associated yield responses were provided across two sites and three seasons of field experiments. Slopes were fitted by residual maximum likelihood for two contrasting models: (i) a fixed-effects model, where no prior assumptions were made about the form of the variety slopes; and (ii) a random-effects model, where deviations in individual variety slopes away from the mean variety slope formed a normal random population with unknown variance. The analyses gave broadly similar results, but with some significant differences. The random model was considered more reliable for predicting variety performance. The effects of disease were quantified as symptom area and green canopy duration. Models of the relationship between symptom area and yield were site-specific. When site effects were not taken into account, these models had poor predictive precision. Models based on the canopy green area gave robust predictions of yield and were not site-specific. Differences in disease tolerance were detected in a comparison of 25 commercial winter wheat varieties. Tolerance was not detected directly through symptom measurements, but instead through measurements of canopy green area, which provides a measurement of the effects of disease that accounts for differences in canopy size across sites and seasons. The varieties showing greatest tolerance tended to have lower attainable yield than the intolerant varieties. Presence of the 1BL/1RS chromosome translocation, which has been reported to increase radiation use efficiency, appeared to be associated with intolerance.     

Analysis of meso scaled spatial distribution of dab Limanda limanda in the German Bight: does the type of fishing gear matter?

ABSTRACT:   In the North Sea, studies are carried out to assess the effect of offshore windmills on the spatial distributions of various fish species, based on data often obtained from different fishing gears. In this study, spatial analysis of three size classes of dab Limanda limanda in the German Bight was undertaken and the effect of different fishing gear type on analyzing spatial patterns are assessed, using geostatistics. In an area equal in size to a wind park (with ∼ 200 windmills), a comparative fishing experiment was carried out, where a 7 m-beam trawl and an otter trawl were employed. Structural analyses showed a presence of spatial autocorrelation in the catch data in all cases. The use of an efficient sampling gear led to an improved resolution of spatial structuring, but did not necessarily result in reduction of nugget variability. Ecological parameters derived from a spatial analysis were in good agreement in cases of high abundance and similar gear efficiency. Thus, it is shown that the type of gear matters in cases of low species abundance. Therefore, to achieve reliable results of a structural analysis and an accurate spatial assessment of fisheries data, it is recommended that the abundance of the target species (biological group) and efficiency of the sampling gear are considered.