榆紫叶甲赤眼蜂寄生功能反应对梯度恒温的响应

在14、18、22、26、30℃5个温度下,测定了榆紫叶甲赤眼蜂(Asynacta ambrostomae)对榆紫叶甲(Ambrostoma quadriimopressum)卵的寄生功能反应。结果表明:试验温度条件下,榆紫叶甲赤眼蜂的寄生能力随着温度的升高而增加;各温度的功能反应数据均能用Holling-Ⅱ圆盘方程很好地拟合;瞬时攻击率及理论最大寄生率均随温度的升高而增大,理论最大寄生量14℃为55.88粒,30℃时达到117.48粒。     

太白湖主要经济鱼类寄生蠕虫种类调查

2015年12月,采用形态学方法对长江中游的太白湖鱼类鳃和肠道寄生蠕虫进行了初步调查和种类鉴定。结果显示:在调查的15种131尾鱼中,共分离鉴定了36种寄生蠕虫,其中单殖吸虫30种,复殖吸虫1种,绦虫5种;对其中6种单殖吸虫的形态特征进行了重新描述。大部分鱼类的鳃部都感染单殖吸虫,只有4种鱼类的肠道感染寄生蠕虫,较低的体内寄生蠕虫多样性表明该湖泊的生态环境可能受到较严重的干扰。     

Plants as de-worming agents of livestock in the Nordic countries: historical perspective, popular beliefs and prospects for the future.

Preparations derived from plants were the original therapeutic interventions used by man to control diseases (including parasites), both within humans and livestock. Development of herbal products depended upon local botanical flora with the result that different remedies tended to develop in different parts of the world. Nevertheless, in some instances, the same or related plants were used over wide geographic regions, which also was the result of communication and/or the importation of plant material of high repute. Thus, the Nordic countries have an ancient, rich and diverse history of plant derived anthelmintic medications for human and animal use. Although some of the more commonly used herbal de-wormers were derived from imported plants, or their products, many are from endemic plants or those that thrive in the Scandinavian environment. With the advent of the modern chemotherapeutic era, and the discovery, development and marketing of a seemingly unlimited variety of highly efficacious, safe synthetic chemicals with very wide spectra of activities, herbal remedies virtually disappeared from the consciousness--at least in the Western world. This attitude is now rapidly changing. There is a widespread resurgence in natural product medication, driven by major threats posed by multi-resistant pest, or disease, organisms and the diminishing public perceptions that synthetic chemicals are the panacea to health and disease control. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the depth of historical Nordic information available on herbal de-wormers, with emphasis on livestock and to provide some insights on potentially rewarding areas of "re-discovery" and scientific evaluation in this field.     

Evolution of High-level,Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance on a Sheep Farm in Malaysia

Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep and goats on a government farm in north Malaysia was monitored over a 3-year period (1997–2000). The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted on young sheep at the beginning and end of this period. Changes in management, designed to reduce the selection pressure for the development of anthelmintic resistance, were also implemented during this time. By far the most important parasite problem was Haemonchus contortus. In 1997, this nematode was found to be resistant to levamisole, with suspected resistance to closantel and moxidectin. However, when the FECRT was repeated 3 years later, its resistance status had become much more severe, with resistance to benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin, and suspected resistance to moxidectin. This rapid evolution to multiple anthelmintic resistance is a major concern that needs to be arrested. There is an urgent need to evaluate other control strategies that incorporate livestock management, the `smart' use of drugs and non-chemotherapeutic approaches, such as biological control agents.     

长汀县山麻鸭寄生蠕虫调查及其群落生态分析

剖检长汀县２１羽山麻鸭，检得寄生蠕虫１０种，总感染率为８１％，平均感染强度和密度分别为３６条和３０条。各种蠕虫及其感染分别为：楔形前殖吸虫２８．６％，大多形棘头虫４．％，似椎低颈吸虫４．８％，福建单睾绦虫３３．３￥，美国膜壳绦虫４．８％。     

Relationships between soil penetration resistance and soif nematode burden in barley on Prince Edward Island

Fifty sloping fields of barley with different short-term cropping histories across Prince Edward Island were examined for variations in root-zone depth and the severity of soil parasitic nematodes as part of a wider study of relationships between cropping sequence, topographic position, soil physical conditions and crop performance. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) density in the roots was significantly greater (13%) at foot slopes than at top slopes, and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) was significantly greater (8%) at top slopes where the soil was drier. The density of stunt nematodes and root lesion nematodes in the soil was significantly greater (>15%) under miscellaneous cereals-barley sequences than under potato-barley or hay-barley, attributable to level of carryover. Root lesion nematode density in the roots was significantly greater (12%) under hay-barley than either of the other two sequences. This nematode also showed a strong tendency to increase in number with increasing root-zone depth, and may be explained on the basis that increased root-zone depth provides increased host root mass (substrate). Stunt nematodes, on the other hand, increased with decreasing root-zone depth and may be explained by the known propensity of these organisms for drier, shallower soil conditions.     

阿尔蚜茧蜂对不同龄期豌豆蚜的寄生及后代适合度研究

为了明确阿尔蚜茧蜂(Aphidius ervi Haliday)对寄主豌豆蚜[Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)]龄期的寄生偏好及其后代适合度特征,在24℃下进行了阿尔蚜茧蜂对不同龄期豌豆蚜的寄生作用研究。结果表明:豌豆蚜被寄生时的龄期大小对阿尔蚜茧蜂的寄生和后代适合度有显著影响(P0.05)。阿尔蚜茧蜂能寄生各发育期豌豆蚜,但对2龄若蚜的寄生率最高(56.67%),其次为1龄若蚜(30.67%),而对4龄若蚜和成蚜的寄生率最低;寄生低龄蚜虫的后代蜂羽化率显著高于寄生高龄若蚜和成蚜。阿尔蚜茧蜂寄生1龄若蚜后,僵蚜出现历期最长(9.47 d),后代蜂羽化历期也最长(5.51 d),随着被寄生时寄主龄期的增大,僵蚜出现历期和后代蜂羽化历期都逐渐缩短;后代蜂发育历期在寄生1龄若蚜时最长(14.85 d),而寄生成蚜时最短(7.87 d)。后代蜂雌性比例在寄生1龄若蚜时最低(24.52%),而寄生成蚜时最高(57.33%),且后代蜂体型随寄主龄期(体型)增大而增大。寄主龄期(体型)与阿尔蚜茧蜂后代适合度呈正相关。因此,从后代适合度的角度,阿尔蚜茧蜂偏好选择龄期(体型)大的寄主寄生,但取得较高的后代适合度的代价是降低其寄生率。说明寄主龄期(体型)大小对阿尔蚜茧蜂的寄生选择及其后代适合度具有重要影响。     

首尾线虫属一新种记述(线虫纲:异尖线虫亚科)

本文记述了来于西藏高寒山区田鼠大肠内首尾寄生线虫属一新种,定名为西藏首尾线虫。本新种在同属中异于原有种的特征在于:a.泄殖孔前缺纵行肛前栉;b.泄殖孔前缘仅2对乳突,呈上下重叠、左右对称的排序;c.交合刺长于有记载虫种的1倍以上(0.19～0.21:0.005:0.089);d.雌虫体长(14.26～14.35)长于C.andrejevi雌虫体长(8.22～9.55)。     

Tolerance of parsley varieties to Orobanche

Parasitic plants infest numerous plants throughout the world depleting them of nutrients, minerals and water. Orobanche species are chlorophyll-lacking root holoparasites that cause severe damage to broad-leaved crops. Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche crenata parasitize field, vegetable, fodder, flower and herb crops in the Mediterranean region. Curled parsley (Petroselinum crispum), a major crop in the dry herb industry in Israel, is highly susceptible to O. aegyptiaca and O. crenata and in infested fields suffers severe yield and quality damage. An in vitro study in polyethylene bags, greenhouse experiments in soil-filled pots and trials in a naturally Orobanche-infested field were performed in order to screen and test for differential susceptibility of parsley varieties to O. aegyptiaca and O. crenata. Results revealed that the parsley varieties Garland and Garbo were tolerant to Orobanche compared to the susceptible varieties Darki, Extra Triple and Kaderava.