Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use

In this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.     

Seasonal growth and diet of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in demonstration channels and the main channel of the Waitaki River, New Zealand, 1982–1983

Abstract– Juvenile chinook salmon in the Waitaki River, New Zealand and demonstration channels, living at about 16°C, increased in length by 0.32 mm day⁻¹ between 4 November and 4 March. They gained weight quickly, accumulated large visceral fat deposits and had high conditions factors. At 1600 h, stomachs averaged half full. The number of prey tended to decline as the fish grew and consumed larger items. Initially the diet was based mainly on chironomid larvae, but by December it included a diversity of prey in more equal proportions. These included Deleatidium in the Waitaki; amphipods in the demonstration channels; various trichopterans, hemipterans, elmid beetles, zooplankton. terrestrial dipterans and a variety of other prey. There were significant differences between sites in numbers of prey consumed and these probably reflected differences in the benthos. Diets in the Waitaki differ from those in the Rakaia River and the food of juvenile salmon appears closely linked to the availability of a diverse range of possible prey.     

降钙素对卵巢切除大鼠股骨骨折愈合的影响

miRNA作为一类非编码小RNA分子,在脊椎动物骨代谢的分子调控网络中占有重要地位。本研究旨在探究钙调节因子对硬骨鱼类骨组织miRNA表达水平的影响。采用鲑降钙素(salmon calcitonin, sCT)对虹鳟幼鱼进行腹腔注射,并在注射24 h后采集鳞片,利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法对其中的miRNA表达谱进行分析。注射组及对照组样品miRNA测序分别获得14 051 631和15 816 147条高质量miRNA序列(18~26 nt),并分别从中鉴定出568和592种成熟miRNA。注射sCT后的虹鳟鳞片中共筛选出24个差异表达miRNA (DEMs,其中9个表达上调,15个表达下调)。随后,从中随机选取8个miRNA进行实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测,其检测结果与高通量测序结果一致。GO注释和富集分析结果显示, DEMs的预测靶基因主要被注释在金属离子结合、钙离子结合、G蛋白偶联受体信号通路、Wnt信号通路和经典Wnt信号通路等功能上,靶基因主要在NF-kappaB输入细胞核的负调节、IL-1β分泌的负调节和TGF-β结合等功能上显著富集。KEGG富集分析结果显示,DEMs的靶基因显著富集在Toll样受体和雌激素等信号通路中。基于上述分析结果,本研究筛选出omy-miR-29a-5p、omy-miR-30d-5p、omy-mir-125b-2-p3、omy-miR-138、omy-miR-199b-5p和omy-miR-200b等多个可能参与虹鳟骨代谢调控过程的miRNA。本实验筛选出的差异miRNA可为硬骨鱼类骨代谢调控机制研究提供素材。

     

南太平洋雌性大眼金枪鱼性腺成熟等级研究

对2010年~2013年南太洋海域采集的雌性大眼金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）卵巢组织样本进行石蜡切片实验,研究其发育特征,鉴定其成熟等级并估算繁殖力。结果显示,卵巢的发育分为未成熟期、成熟前期、成熟后期、排卵期和排卵后期5个阶段;雌性性腺指数范围为0.26~8.58,平均为3.56,随叉长增长而增大;50%成熟叉长为116.32 cm;平均怀卵数为1.09106 粒;平均相对繁殖力为20.5 粒g-1。聚类分析显示,因钓获深度不同,2、3期为一类,1、4期为一类,5期独为一类。研究表明,在南太平洋海域,大眼金枪鱼初次性成熟年龄比其他海域提前,可能是受过度捕捞的影响。     

热塑挤压操作参数对低值水产蛋白组织化制品物理特性的影响

以北太平洋鱿鱼加工废弃的边角料为原料,采用双螺杆挤压技术,利用响应面分析方法研究了主要操作参数物料含水量、机筒温度和螺杆转速对鱿鱼蛋白挤出物的水分含量和堆积密度的影响,分别建立挤出物水分含量、堆积密度与操作参数的回归拟合方程。结果表明,物料含水量对挤出物水分含量的影响非常明显,两者呈现正相关关系,物料含水量和机筒温度的交互作用对挤出物的水分含量和堆积密度的影响均呈显著性;水分含量、堆积密度与操作参数的回归拟合方程的相关系数R2分别是0.952和0.819,拟合的统计模型具有较高的可信度。     

基于Argo数据的中西太平洋鲣渔获量与水温、表层盐度关系的初步研究

根据上海金汇远洋渔业公司2007年度在中西太平洋海域进行鲣Katsuwonus pelamis围网作业的生产数据以及Argo剖面浮标数据,利用地理信息系统软件Arcview,按1°×1°的格式绘制了各月产量、表层温度、表层盐度以及50m和200m水层温度等,并对数据进行了综合分析。结果表明：鲣的高渔获量区域主要分布于150°～153°E、160°-161°E,0°～2°S的水域;2007年最高月产量和最高单网平均日产量（CPUE）的月份分别为8月和2月;通过K—S检验,2007年最适表层温度为29．3～30．1℃,最适表层盐度为34．0～35．2;0～200m、50～200m水层的垂直温差为11℃时,渔获量达到最大。Shapiro—wilk正态性检验结果表明,渔获量与0—200m、50—200m水层的垂直温差服从正态分布关系。上述结论符合生产实践中获得的情况,表明Argo数据可以应用于渔业生产和科研中。     

西北太平洋热带气旋统计分析及其与大气季节内振荡的关系

利用热带气旋最佳路径数据集统计分析了1961—2011年发生于西北太平洋热带气旋频数的时间序列特征,发现热带气旋的频数有减少的趋势。通过多年月平均OLR资料的EOF分析发现,OLR与气旋频数成较好的负相关。再选取2004年为个例,通过对OLR作EOF分析和200 hPa速度势的距平合成分析来研究热带大气季节内振荡对热带气旋的调制作用,研究结果表明:西北太平洋45 d的低频振荡非常活跃;气旋源地与振荡中心在空间分布上有很好的相关性。     

Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.