太湖麇鹿一雌哺乳三仔的行为剖析

苏州西山太湖麋鹿园的麋鹿一雌同时哺乳三仔的行为，仔鹿共表现出四种吮乳模式：即一仔鹿在哺乳雌鹿后侧吮乳，二仔鹿在哺乳雌鹿腹部左侧吮乳；一仔鹿在哺乳雌鹿后侧吮乳，二仔鹿在哺乳雌鹿腹部右侧吮乳；一仔鹿在哺乳雌鹿后侧吮乳，二仔鹿在哺乳雌鹿腹部左右侧各一头吮乳；三仔鹿分别立于哺乳雌鹿的后侧、左侧和胸腹下方吮乳。太湖麋鹿一雌哺乳三仔的特殊行为的表现，既取决于鹿群的生活空间和鹿群的密度，又与哺乳雌鹿摄入的饲料质量相关联，同时也与仔鹿一时饥饿而又无法寻找到自己的母亲哺乳有关。     

日本山桐子引种育苗及苗期生长规律研究初报

对引进的2个日本山桐子种源(产地A ich i pref,Nara-Ken)和国内山桐子种源作对照进行了育苗试验,并进行苗期生长规律的研究。结果表明:在北亚热带的南京江宁区试验地能正常发育,种子发育需经去蜡等方法进行技术处理,在温室条件下,需35~40 d形成幼苗。国内种源发芽率为17.8%、A ich i pref种源达23.5%、Nara-Ken种源达23.8%,引进种源分别高出国内当地种源5.7%和6.0%。苗期物候无显著差异;苗期生长在生长期内均表现慢—快—慢的变化规律,于11月中下旬生长趋于停止。1年生平均苗高当地种源为86.0 cm,A ich i pref种源95.2 cm,Nara-Ken种源99.4 cm,引种种源分别高出国内当地种源10.7%和15.6%。平均地径当地种源为1.44 cm,A ich i pref种源为1.60 cm,Nara-Ken为1.66 cm分别高出国内当地种源11.1%和15.3%。     

Mammary development and milk production in the sow: Effects of udder massage, genotype and feeding in late gestation

The primary aim of the study was to investigate whether post-ejection udder massage 1–2 weeks pp (post partum) had an effect on the amount of mammary tissue and milk production in the domestic sow.

The nursing behaviour of 35 primiparous LYL or YLY sows and their litters was followed on days 7 and 14 pp. The milk production was measured by the weigh–suckle–weigh method of the whole litter on days 11 and 18 pp. After weaning on day 28 pp, the sows were slaughtered and the mammary tissue excised and weighed.

No significant correlations were found between the duration of post-ejection udder massage and the subsequent milk production. LYL sows had more mammary tissue (P < 0.05) and their piglets spent more time performing post-ejection udder massage compared to the YLY sows (P < 0.01). Individual variation was found in the proportion of time that the sows were lying on either their right or left side. The weight of the mammary tissue from the left side was positively affected by the amount of udder massage (pre- and post-ejection massage) that the sows had received while lying on the right side relative to the amount that she had received while lying on the left side on day 7 pp (P < 0.01).

In conclusion, the intensity of udder massage influenced the amount of mammary tissue at slaughter. The genotype of the sow affected the expression of nursing behaviour and milk production. No connection was found between post-ejection udder massage and the measures of milk production 1–2 weeks pp. Finally, feeding during the last half of gestation affected the nursing behaviour.     

猪的母性行为研究进展

母猪的母性行为包括分娩前后的一系列行为活动,例如做窝、哺乳以及抚育仔猪等。本文就母猪分娩前行为、分娩行为(产仔行为)、哺乳行为、护仔行为和念亲行为做一综述。     

育苗基质不同施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响

运用正交试验设计 ,在以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为原料的育苗基层中 ,加入不同浓度的氮、磷、钾肥料 ,对番茄、茄子和甜椒幼苗生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,不同肥料品种与施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响具有显著差异 ,特别是增施磷肥可使幼苗株高和干物重增加 ,其相关性达到显著或极显著水平 ,是培育优质壮苗的重要营养元素 ;同时 ,要注意氮、磷、钾肥料配合使用 ,以提高壮苗水平。供试育苗基质的最佳N、P2 O5、K2 O施肥量分别为 :番茄 0 .2kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,茄子 0 .8kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,甜椒 0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3。     

Effect of a transitory controlled nursing on days 9–11 or a 24-h fast on the production of free-nursing rabbits

Altered nursing or nutrition before artificial insemination (AI) can be used as a doe biostimulant to improve lactating rabbits reproduction. The timing of a shift from free to a 3-day controlled nursing to AI or the nursing method at fast-refeeding can affect the efficacy of these stimulations. In an earlier study the effects of a 3-day controlled nursing on days 8, 9 and 10 or in controlled nursing rabbits, the impact of a 24-h fast with 48–50 h re-feeding were investigated. This follow-up work tested a 3-day biostimulation with controlled nursing on days 9, 10 and 11. Another aim was to assess the same doe fast-refeeding but now in free-nursing rabbits. Pannon White does (n=480) were artificially inseminated 11 days post-partum. Control (C) does nursed freely. Rabbits simulating local farm practice (F) had controlled nursing until day 14 using a metal-plate as separation and then free nursing to weaning (day 35). In biostimulations with altered nursing, there was a shift from free to a 3-day controlled nursing (days 9–11) with a wire-mesh separation (BW), a metal-plate insertion (BM) or nest-tray removal (BN) and return to free nursing on day 12 until weaning. The C, F, BW, BM and BN does were fed ad libitum. At biostimulation with fast-refeeding (BF), the free-nursing does were subjected to a 24 h water-only fast between days 8 and 9 and a 48–50 h ad libitum re-feeding before AI. Doe reproduction and growth of the current litter were differently affected by the treatments. In the C, F, BW, BM, BN and BF does, sexual receptivity was 83, 90, 68, 80, 74 and 85% (P=0.05), the kindling rate was 79, 76, 74, 89, 68, 70% (P=0.05), the number of kits born alive was 7.9, 8.0, 8.8, 9.1, 7.9, 6.8 (P=0.005), kit weight at weaning 982, 991, 953, 986, 955, 964 g (P=0.012) and at 70 days of age 2383, 2407, 2220, 2350, 2279, 2382 g, respectively (P=0.001). Among biostimulations with altered nursing, the 3-day controlled nursing with a metal-plate separation (BM) can be advised for the practice because only this method was efficient in this (days 9–11) and previous (days 8–10) studies. There appears to be an interaction between doe nursing and feeding, since the same fast led to different production of free-nursing does compared to those in a previous work that nursed controlled.     

Maternal behaviour and performance in first-parity outdoor sows

When sows and their litters are kept outdoors, much of the responsibility for the litter is shifted from the herdsman to the sow compared to when the sows are kept indoors. Therefore, the maternal ability, including maternal behaviour, is believed to be important in outdoor piglet production. The aim of this study was to describe maternal traits in conventionally bred first-parity sows kept outdoors. Nursing behaviour, sow activity, sow body reserves, litter size and piglet growth were studied in 40 first-parity sows during a seven week long lactation. The sows were kept in groups outdoors. Sow activity (lying down or active) and nursing behaviour (nursing frequency, nursing duration and nursing terminator) were recorded on videotapes at four days post partum (pp) and directly observed at four and six weeks pp. Cross suckling was observed at four and six weeks pp. Sows were weighed and measured for backfat depth five days before farrowing, two weeks pp and at weaning seven weeks pp. Piglets were weighed at four days pp, at two weeks pp and at weaning. We concluded that sow nursing behaviour and activity are individual characteristics repeatable within sows' late lactation. Less active sows are more available for suckling. Light and thin sows have an earlier and more progressed weaning process than heavier, fatter sows. A significant positive relation was found between sow appetite in early lactation and piglet growth until weaning. Sow nursing behaviour is not important for piglet growth when sows and piglets are held in groups, piglets have access to sow feed and piglets are weaned as late as at seven weeks of age.     

基质中有机肥含量对西瓜幼苗生长发育的影响

以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩一般配方为对照,在基质中添加不同比例有机肥研究其对西瓜育苗的影响。结果表明：15％～20％有机肥处理的西瓜幼苗生长质量较好,壮苗指数及根系活力也较高。