德国可再生能源发展的借鉴与启示

近年来,可再生能源逐渐成为世界各国关注的热点,并成为各国应对气候变化以及生态环境保护的共同选择,其在经济发展以及维护生态环境中开始被重视起来.德国能源转型的成功已经成为欧美国家中的典范,为此农业农村部科技教育司组团赴德国参加"农业废弃物资源化利用和农村清洁能源综合利用技术"培训项目,笔者结合培训内容和实地考察形成该篇文...     

丹麦及联邦德国小浆果栽培考察报告

本文着重叙述了丹麦、联邦德国小浆果栽培中一些方向性的经验。并联系吉林省的情况提出吸取这些经验的意见。最后建议引进外资及先进技术,开发小浆果创汇产品,引进优良品种,引进栽培机械,建立现代化原料基地。     

浅谈德国的“近自然森林经营”

从德国“可持续”森林利用的不同概念、德国不同森林认证体系“经营标准(Management Standards)”的比较实例、德国森林经营和“近自然森林经营”筒史、德国森林资源状况和森林资源的变化、德国有关森林资源的几个基本理念与“近自然森林经营”的主要特征、德国哥廷根市有林“近自然森林经营”实例等6个方面,简要介绍了德国的“近自然森林经营”。     

Characterisation of and changes in the atmospheric deposition situation in German forest ecosystems using multivariate statistics

Based on the results of the atmospheric deposition classification of the year 1989, a methodical approach should be introduced, which—based on the modelled total deposition rates—enables us to characterise the input situation of forest monitoring plots and to delimit load areas in Germany. In 1989, the deposition situation in nearly 1,800 forest monitoring sites (BZE/extensive Soil Condition Inventory) in Germany could be explained by four factors (or three, excluding sea salt impact) with the help of a factor analysis. The factor values were grouped into six deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns. The classified input rates of the soil inventory plots adequately represent the stress situation and deposition changes in Germany. The application of the statistical approach on the level of Brandenburg clarifies the special local input situation. Due to the special combination of deposed elements, the sources of emissions can be characterised as well. When the soil inventory is repeated, a project planned for 2006, this approach can be used in order to determine homogenous areas for stratified data evaluation.     

近自然森林经营在德国的应用成效分析

[目的]分析德国推行近自然森林经营20年来的经营效果,总结德国推行近自然森林经营的经验。[方法]在明晰近自然森林经营原则的基础上,基于两期(间隔期10年)资源清查数据对比,对德国大面积推行近自然森林经营20年的经营效果进行分析。[结果]两期资源清查数据表明,德国采用近自然经营20年后,针叶林如挪威云杉和欧洲赤松的面积显著减少,阔叶林和针阔混交林面积持续增加;阔叶树种蓄积平均增长量约为15 m~3·hm~(-2),针叶树种蓄积平均增长4 m~3·hm~(-2),挪威云杉是唯一蓄积下降的树种,下降了5 m~3·hm~(-2);近自然度等级变化表明,人工林面积在减少,而近自然森林的面积在增加,甚至符合原始林等级的森林面积也在增加。[结论]实现近自然森林经营的目标是一个长期的过程,联邦政府促进和保护森林的政策以及林场主所采用的先进的森林经营技术也是德国森林每公顷蓄积达到336 m~3的重要原因;在近自然森林经营的原则下,德国森林中针阔混交林比例显著增加;将近自然程度不高的人工林经营转化为近自然的森林生态系统是德国森林经营所面临的主要问题。     

美国和德国食品科学与工程高等工程教育的特色及启示

选择国际上典型工程教育强国——美国和德国,从培养模式、培养目标、课程设置、实践教学等方面详细阐述了两国食品科学与工程高等工程教育的办学特色与经验,并在此基础上提出了对我国食品科学与工程高等工程教育人才培养的几点启示,旨在为我国食品科学与工程专业实施"卓越工程师教育培养计划"提供借鉴。     

Effects of herbicidal carbamates on mitochondria and chloroplasts

At concentrations near 2 × 10^?4M, barban, chlorpropham, and phenmedipham are inhibitors of the electron transfer in potato and mung bean mitochondria. The inhibition seems to be localized in the flavoprotein region. It affects preferentially the exogenous NADH dehydrogenation, in potato mitochondria (I₅₀, 10^?4M). Succinate dehydrogenation is less inhibited. At noninhibiting concentrations, the studied carbamates cannot uncouple the oxidative phosphorylations. Photosynthesis is completely inhibited by 2.10^?7M phenmedipham, 5 × 10^?5M barban, and 2 × 10^?4M chlorpropham. The inhibition takes place at the PS II level. Moreover, barban and chlorpropham are uncouplers of the photophosphorylations for concentrations between 5 × 10^?5 and 5 × 10^?4M. The effects observed on mitochondrial respiration can also be found on respiration of Acer cultured cells. The effects on isolated chloroplast photosynthesis are also observed for slightly higher concentrations on cultured Chlorella and on pea and oat leaf fragments.     

德国的森林生态环境建设及其启示

介绍了德国林业在"近自然林业"理论指导下的森林生态环境建设的历程、特点和成效,以及对我国林业工作的启示.     

Do “stakeholders” represent citizen interests? An empirical inquiry into assessments of policy aims in the National Forest Programme for Germany

Participatory National Forest Programmes (NFPs) intend to democratise forest sector policy, but they may suffer from a fundamental democratic legitimisation deficit since the stakeholders involved are neither democratically authorised nor accountable to the population. In order to scrutinise the empirical relevance of this problem in the case of the German NFP, it is analysed how the German population on the one hand and the NFP participants on the other hand assess central forest policy aims of the NFP, and how far both assessments coincide. Two surveys based on identical questionnaires are used as the data base. The respondents assessed the importance of the respective aims as well as at their implementation. Results show that the population considers the majority of the NFP aims to be generally relevant, but assesses the majority of the aims significantly differently from the stakeholders. The formal legitimisation deficit of the German NFP therefore also matters in terms of content. Discussing the NFP among the elected representatives and in the public seems indispensable.Moreover, the differences in the assessment of some policy aims are significantly dependent on how people judge the image of forest enterprises between the opposing poles of profit orientation and nature protection. Public acceptance of those aims could be furthered more appropriately by adjusting the partly incorrect image of forestry rather than by providing more information about the particular aims and their background.     

The nameless counterpart: a reconstruction of the experiences of private forestry extension officers with their clients

The changes to the forest ownership structure of small private forests in recent times have opened up an intensive field of research throughout Europe. Most of the studies completed to date adhere to the classic survey model and describe the behaviour and attitudes of forest owners. The research presented in this article analyses the changes to small private forests with the aid of data collected from focus groups comprised of forestry extension officers in Germany. Through the reconstruction of the experiences gleaned by the consultants, it was possible to describe the manner in which they characterise their clientele, and the changes they have observed, against the backdrop of changes occurring across rural areas. The consultants’ strategies for describing forest owners are presented. The orientation pattern presented by the extension officers is compared with the urban orientation of forest owners’ model developed by social scientists.