Genetics of neotropical fish: from chromosomes to populations

The Neotropical freshwater fish fauna is very rich—according to the most recent catalogue 71 families and 4,475 species have been described. However, only a small amount of general information is available on the composition of Neotropical marine fishes. In Brazil, 1,298 marine species have been recorded. General analysis of available cytogenetic and population genetic data clearly indicates research has been mainly concentrated on freshwater fishes. Thus, today, cytogenetic information is available for 475 species of Characiformes, 318 species of Siluriformes, 48 species of Gymnotiformes, 199 freshwater species that do not belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, and only 109 species of marine fishes. For the species studied, only about 6% have sex chromosomes and about 5% have supernumerary or B chromosomes. A review of the cytogenetic studies shows that these data have provided valuable information about the relationships between fish groups, the occurrence of cryptic species and species complexes, the mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution, the distribution of nucleolus organizer regions, the existence supernumerary chromosomes, and the relationship between polyploidy and evolution. In relation to populations in Neotropical marine waters, the studies have shown the presence of cryptic species, which has important implications for fishery management. Different levels of genetic structuring can be found among Neotropical freshwater migratory fish species. This raises important implications for fish population genetic diversity and consequently its sustainable utilization in inland fisheries and aquaculture, specifically for conservation of ichthyo-diversity and survival.     

冬麦田蜘蛛空间分布型的初步研究

本文采用扩散系数(C)、聚集指数(I)、扩散型指数(Iδ)聚集度指标(M*/X)、K值、C_A值以及Iwao的平均拥挤度(m*)与平均密度(X)回归和Tayor的方差(S~2)与均数(X)幂回归等方法,测定了冬麦起身拔节期齿须微蛛、弱小皿蛛、狼蛛的空间分布型。综合各项结果,三种蜘蛛均属聚集分布,其聚集原因是环境条件所引起的。     

多物种共存系统中蜘蛛对菜田害虫的控制作用

运用二次通用旋转组合设计统计方法,研究菜田生态系统中天敌优势种蜘蛛星豹蛛(X1)、草间黑蛛(X2)及主要害虫菜蚜(X3)、小菜蛾(X4)组成的多物种共存系统,探讨蜘蛛对菜田主要害虫的控制作用,分析天敌之间、害虫之间及天敌和害虫之间的相互作用关系,获得4个天敌对害虫的捕食量模型。对模型进行主效分析表明,害虫密度的大小对天敌的总捕食量影响较大,其中又以菜蚜密度对天敌的总捕食量的影响较大。天敌中对捕食量作用最大的是星豹蛛,其次是小狼逍遥蛛。分析天敌间的交互作用表明,2种天敌蜘蛛的种间和星豹蛛的种内干扰较大,主要原因是生态位重叠较大,种间、种内残杀较严重。而小狼逍遥蛛种内的干扰却不是很明显。最后讨论了天敌蜘蛛能有效控制害虫的最大密度,以及在该害虫密度下各种天敌密度的最佳组合。     

恩施州茶园蜘蛛调查方法的比较分析

为了较完整地查明恩施州茶园的蜘蛛种类,给该区域茶园蜘蛛区系研究提供完备的基础数据,采用陷阱法、拍打法和黄盘法调查恩施州茶园蜘蛛数量和种类。结果表明:总共获得蜘蛛数量为1 933只,有199种(蜘蛛有些种类只鉴定到科),隶属于22科。其中陷阱法获得的蜘蛛数量种类最多。     

江西稻田蜘蛛区系及种群动态研究

赣中北平原稻区常见的稻田蜘蛛有9科25种,其数量占捕食性天敌的80％以上。早稻田以微蛛所占比例最大;晚稻田除微蛛外,狼蛛和球腹蛛也有较大的比例。稻田蜘蛛数量变动与稻叶蝉、稻飞虱的消长大体一致,对这类害虫有明显的抑制作用,但晚稻后期仍需药剂防治。     

稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布的动态研究

稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布在水稻的不同发育期存在差异。其空间分布主要由稻田蜘蛛本身的扩散程度及生殖 ,游猎型和定居型数量的多寡 ,主要目标害虫的数量及其分布 ,栖息环境的变化及其耕作方式和稻田蜘蛛的种群密度及其种间竞争程度决定。     

Natural enemies and seasonal abundance of the blackmargined aphid (Monellia caryella) in pecan orchards in Israel

The blackmargined aphid,Monellia caryella (Fitch), exhibited a seasonal pattern with early and late peaks of the population in pecan orchards at Newe Ya’ar in the Yizre’el Valley. A similar pattern was not observed at Kibbutz Sede Eliyyahu in the Bet She’an Valley, where there was a single peak, late in the season. The occurrence of natural enemies indicated that spiders and lacewing eggs were the predators most commonly associated with population fluctuations of the aphid. In most cases the rate of increase of the blackmargined aphid was highest late in the season.     

Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest

Tree cavities are proposed to limit populations and structure communities of cavity-nesting birds. Although the greatest diversity of cavity-nesting birds is found in tropical and subtropical moist forests, little is known about how tropical logging affects the abundance of cavities or cavity-nesting birds. We compared the abundance of cavities and cavity nests between primary and selectively-logged subtropical moist Atlantic forest in Argentina, and conducted the first before-after controlled nest-box addition experiment to determine whether nest sites limit the breeding density of cavity-nesting birds in tropical or subtropical moist forest. Visual inspection of 86 cavities identified through ground-surveys revealed that only 19% were suitable for nesting birds, suggesting that cavity abundance may be overestimated in the literature on tropical forests. Suitable cavities were found in fewer than 1% of 1156 trees <60 cm dbh but 20% of 20 trees >100 cm dbh. Logged forest had half the basal area of primary forest, one third the density of large trees, nine times fewer cavities suitable for nesting birds, and 17 times fewer active nests. When we added nest boxes, nesting density increased on treatment plots but not on control plots in both logged and primary forest, suggesting that cavity supply can limit nest density even in relatively undisturbed forest. This is the first experiment to show how reduced cavity supply in logged tropical forest can limit breeding density of cavity-nesting birds. International initiatives such as forest certification should promote tropical timber management strategies that conserve large live cavity-bearing trees.     

Determinants of yield in a non-timber forest product: Copaifera oleoresin in Amazonian extractive reserves

Developing sustainable extractive industries in otherwise intact tropical forest regions requires a sound understanding of the production potential of key resource populations. The oleoresin extracted from Copaifera trees is an economically important non-timber forest product harvested throughout the lowland Amazon basin. We studied oleoresin extraction from four species of Copaifera trees with known harvest histories within two contiguous extractive reserves in western Brazilian Amazonia. We conducted a large-scale experimental harvest of 179 previously unharvested Copaifera trees, in both seasonally flooded (várzea) and adjacent unflooded (terra firme) forests. The likelihood of trees yielding any oleoresin was principally determined by their species identity: C. multijuga was the only species to regularly yield oleoresin (70% of trees). Yield volumes varied both amongst species and forest types: C. multijuga (restricted to terra firme forest) had the highest mean yield of 505 ml, whilst C. guyanensis produced higher volumes of oleoresin in várzea (139 ml) than terra firme (15 ml) forest. Intraspecific differences were driven mainly by tree size. To assess extraction sustainability, we reharvested a sample of C. multijuga trees and compared the oleoresin production of 24 conspecific trees that had been initially harvested one year previously with that of 17 trees initially harvested three years previously. Reharvested trees produced just 35% of the oleoresin volume compared to that when originally drilled, but this response was not affected by the time interval between consecutive harvests. We demonstrate that, within a population of Copaifera, both morphological and environmental factors restrict total productivity; consideration of these factors should inform sustainable management practises. We additionally raise methodological considerations that may improve the comparability of studies.     

晚稻田蜘蛛和目标害虫内分布型的动态研究

通过采用聚集度指标的方法,在晚稻不同发育期,对稻田蜘蛛及目标害虫飞虱和叶蝉的内分布型进行了系统研究,测定结果表明其内分布型随水稻发育期的变更而变化,为害虫综合防治策略的制定提供依据。